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Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed on edge devices with Neural Processing Units (NPUs), yet the decode phase remains memory-intensive, limiting performance. Processing-in-Memory (PIM) offers a promising solution, but…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-05-18 Hai Huang

The computational complexity of large language model (LLM) inference significantly constrains their deployment efficiency on edge devices. In contrast, small language models offer faster decoding and lower resource consumption but often…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-11 Jianshu She , Wenhao Zheng , Zhengzhong Liu , Hongyi Wang , Eric Xing , Huaxiu Yao , Qirong Ho

Large language models (LLMs) have achieved near-human performance across diverse reasoning tasks, yet their deployment on resource-constrained Internet-of-Things (IoT) devices remains impractical due to massive parameter footprints and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-07 Mingyu Sung , Vikas Palakonda , Suhwan Im , Sunghwan Moon , Il-Min Kim , Sangseok Yun , Jae-Mo Kang

Large Language Models (LLMs) stand out for their impressive performance in intricate language modeling tasks. However, their demanding computational and memory needs pose obstacles for broad use on edge devices. Quantization is then…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-22 Xuan Shen , Peiyan Dong , Lei Lu , Zhenglun Kong , Zhengang Li , Ming Lin , Chao Wu , Yanzhi Wang

DL inference queries play an important role in diverse internet services and a large fraction of datacenter cycles are spent on processing DL inference queries. Specifically, the matrix-matrix multiplication (GEMM) operations of…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2020-12-02 Benjamin Y. Cho , Jeageun Jung , Mattan Erez

Transformer-based large language models (LLMs) have achieved impressive performance in various natural language processing (NLP) applications. However, the high memory and computation cost induced by the KV cache limits the inference…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-04-11 Weikai Xu , Wenxuan Zeng , Qianqian Huang , Meng Li , Ru Huang

Large Language Models (LLMs) excel in natural language processing tasks but pose significant computational and memory challenges for edge deployment due to their intensive resource demands. This work addresses the efficiency of LLM…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-07-02 Zhican Wang , Hongxiang Fan , Haroon Waris , Gang Wang , Zhenyu Li , Jianfei Jiang , Yanan Sun , Guanghui He

This paper investigates compact large language model (LLM) deployment and world-model-assisted inference offloading in mobile edge computing (MEC) networks. We first propose an edge compact LLM deployment (ECLD) framework that jointly…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Ruichen Zhang , Xiaofeng Luo , Jiayi He , Dusit Niyato , Jiawen Kang , Zehui Xiong , Yonghui Li

Computing-In-Memory (CIM) offers a potential solution to the memory wall issue and can achieve high energy efficiency by minimizing data movement, making it a promising architecture for edge AI devices. Lightweight models like MobileNet and…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-08-21 Choongseok Song , Doo Seok Jeong

Large language models (LLMs) have revolutionized natural language processing with their exceptional understanding, synthesizing, and reasoning capabilities. However, deploying LLMs on resource-constrained edge devices presents significant…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-02-25 Yue Zheng , Yuhao Chen , Bin Qian , Xiufang Shi , Yuanchao Shu , Jiming Chen

Large language model (LLM) inference at the network edge is a promising serving paradigm that leverages distributed edge resources to run inference near users and enhance privacy. Existing edge-based LLM inference systems typically adopt…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-10-14 Bingjie Zhu , Zhixiong Chen , Liqiang Zhao , Hyundong Shin , Arumugam Nallanathan

The rapid adoption of large language models (LLMs) is pushing AI accelerators toward increasingly powerful and specialized designs. Instead of further complicating software development with deeply hierarchical scratchpad memories (SPMs) and…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-12-09 Zhongchun Zhou , Chengtao Lai , Yuhang Gu , Wei Zhang

The rise of data-intensive AI workloads has exacerbated the ``memory wall'' bottleneck. Digital Compute-in-Memory (DCiM) using SRAM offers a scalable solution, but its vast design space makes manual design impractical, creating a need for…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-01-19 Yiqi Zhou , JunHao Ma , Xingyang Li , Yule Sheng , Yue Yuan , Yikai Wang , Bochang Wang , Yiheng Wu , Shan Shen , Wei Xing , Daying Sun , Li Li , Zhiqiang Xiao

Design space exploration (DSE) is critical for developing optimized hardware architectures, especially for AI workloads such as deep neural networks (DNNs) and large language models (LLMs), which require specialized acceleration. As model…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-08-15 Arkapravo Ghosh , Abhishek Moitra , Abhiroop Bhattacharjee , Ruokai Yin , Priyadarshini Panda

The need to execute Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) at low latency and low power at the edge has spurred the development of new heterogeneous Systems-on-Chips (SoCs) encapsulating a diverse set of hardware accelerators. How to optimally map a…

Recent studies have extensively explored NPU architectures for accelerating AI inference in on-device environments, which are inherently resource-constrained. Meanwhile, transformer-based large language models (LLMs) have become dominant,…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-02-16 Jonghun Lee , Junghoon Lee , Hyeonjin Kim , Seoho Jeon , Jisup Yoon , Hyunbin Park , Meejeong Park , Heonjae Ha

Large Language Models (LLMs) have become extremely potent instruments with exceptional capacities for comprehending and producing human-like text in a wide range of applications. However, the increasing size and complexity of LLMs present…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-18 Yingbing Huang , Lily Jiaxin Wan , Hanchen Ye , Manvi Jha , Jinghua Wang , Yuhong Li , Xiaofan Zhang , Deming Chen

Deep neural networks with large model sizes achieve state-of-the-art results for tasks in computer vision (CV) and natural language processing (NLP). However, these large-scale models are too compute- or memory-intensive for…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2021-10-29 Yang Hu , Connor Imes , Xuanang Zhao , Souvik Kundu , Peter A. Beerel , Stephen P. Crago , John Paul N. Walters

LLM deployment on resource-constrained edge devices faces severe latency constraints, particularly in real-time applications where delayed responses can compromise safety or usability. Among many approaches to mitigate the inefficiencies of…

Large language models (LLMs) require substantial computational resources, leading to significant carbon emissions and operational costs. Although training is energy-intensive, the long-term environmental burden arises from inference,…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-12-05 Kolichala Rajashekar , Nafiseh Sharghivand , Radu Prodan , Reza Farahani