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Tokenization shapes how language models perceive morphology and meaning in NLP, yet widely used frequency-driven subword tokenizers (e.g., Byte Pair Encoding and WordPiece) can fragment morphologically rich and agglutinative languages in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-01 M. Ali Bayram , Ali Arda Fincan , Ahmet Semih Gümüş , Sercan Karakaş , Banu Diri , Savaş Yıldırım , Demircan Çelik

Tokenization is an important text preprocessing step to prepare input tokens for deep language models. WordPiece and BPE are de facto methods employed by important models, such as BERT and GPT. However, the impact of tokenization can be…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-03-28 Cagri Toraman , Eyup Halit Yilmaz , Furkan Şahinuç , Oguzhan Ozcelik

Tokenization is a crucial step in information retrieval, especially for lexical matching algorithms, where the quality of indexable tokens directly impacts the effectiveness of a retrieval system. Since different languages have unique…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-12 Odunayo Ogundepo , Xinyu Zhang , Jimmy Lin

This paper presents Mecellem models, a framework for developing specialized language models for the Turkish legal domain through domain adaptation strategies. We make two contributions: (1)Encoder Model Pre-trained from Scratch:…

Tokenization is a fundamental preprocessing step in Natural Language Processing (NLP), significantly impacting the capability of large language models (LLMs) to capture linguistic and semantic nuances. This study introduces a novel…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-19 M. Ali Bayram , Ali Arda Fincan , Ahmet Semih Gümüş , Sercan Karakaş , Banu Diri , Savaş Yıldırım

Sentence embeddings are a foundational component for semantic search, clustering, classification, and retrieval-augmented generation. This paper presents embeddingmagibu-200m, a Turkish-focused sentence embedding model that produces…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-29 M. Ali Bayram , Banu Diri , Savaş Yıldırım

Tokenization is a pivotal design choice for neural language modeling in morphologically rich languages (MRLs) such as Turkish, where productive agglutination challenges both vocabulary efficiency and morphological fidelity. Prior studies…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-09 Duygu Altinok

Neural information retrieval systems excel in high-resource languages but remain underexplored for morphologically rich, lower-resource languages such as Turkish. Dense bi-encoders currently dominate Turkish IR, yet late-interaction models…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-21 Özay Ezerceli , Mahmoud El Hussieni , Selva Taş , Reyhan Bayraktar , Fatma Betül Terzioğlu , Yusuf Çelebi , Yağız Asker

Tokenization is a fundamental preprocessing step in NLP, directly impacting large language models' (LLMs) ability to capture syntactic, morphosyntactic, and semantic structures. This paper introduces a novel framework for systematically…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-22 M. Ali Bayram , Ali Arda Fincan , Ahmet Semih Gümüş , Sercan Karakaş , Banu Diri , Savaş Yıldırım

We present a hybrid methodology for generating large-scale semantic relationship datasets in low-resource languages, demonstrated through a comprehensive Turkish semantic relations corpus. Our approach integrates three phases: (1) FastText…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Ebubekir Tosun , Mehmet Emin Buldur , Özay Ezerceli , Mahmoud ElHussieni

This work aims to build a multilingual text-to-speech (TTS) synthesis system for ten lower-resourced Turkic languages: Azerbaijani, Bashkir, Kazakh, Kyrgyz, Sakha, Tatar, Turkish, Turkmen, Uyghur, and Uzbek. We specifically target the…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-05-26 Rustem Yeshpanov , Saida Mussakhojayeva , Yerbolat Khassanov

Kazakh, a Turkic language spoken by over 22 million people, remains underserved by existing multilingual language models, which allocate minimal capacity to low-resource languages and employ tokenizers ill-suited to agglutinative…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Saken Tukenov

The widespread adoption of Large Language Models (LLMs) has been hindered by their tendency to hallucinate, generating plausible but factually incorrect information. While Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) systems attempt to address this…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-23 Selva Taş , Mahmut El Huseyni , Özay Ezerceli , Reyhan Bayraktar , Fatma Betül Terzioğlu

Tokenization plays a critical role in processing agglutinative languages, where a single word can encode multiple morphemes carrying syntactic and semantic information. This study evaluates the impact of various tokenization strategies -…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Jinfan Frank Hu

In recent years, End-to-End speech recognition technology based on deep learning has developed rapidly. Due to the lack of Turkish speech data, the performance of Turkish speech recognition system is poor. Firstly, this paper studies a…

Sound · Computer Science 2023-03-23 Zeyu Ren , Nurmement Yolwas , Huiru Wang , Wushour Slamu

We investigate how transformer models represent complex verb paradigms in Turkish and Modern Hebrew, concentrating on how tokenization strategies shape this ability. Using the Blackbird Language Matrices task on natural data, we show that…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-06 Giuseppe Samo , Paola Merlo

With the recent surge in the development of large language models, the need for comprehensive and language-specific evaluation benchmarks has become critical. While significant progress has been made in evaluating English-language models,…

In this paper, we present the first automatic lexical simplification system for the Turkish language. Recent text simplification efforts rely on manually crafted simplified corpora and comprehensive NLP tools that can analyse the target…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-22 Ahmet Yavuz Uluslu

This study introduces and evaluates tiny, mini, small, and medium-sized uncased Turkish BERT models, aiming to bridge the research gap in less-resourced languages. We trained these models on a diverse dataset encompassing over 75GB of text…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-07-27 Himmet Toprak Kesgin , Muzaffer Kaan Yuce , Mehmet Fatih Amasyali

This study presents TSLFormer, a light and robust word-level Turkish Sign Language (TSL) recognition model that treats sign gestures as ordered, string-like language. Instead of using raw RGB or depth videos, our method only works with 3D…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-19 Kutay Ertürk , Furkan Altınışık , İrem Sarıaltın , Ömer Nezih Gerek
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