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Multi-agent systems with smaller language models (SLMs) present a viable alternative to single agent systems powered by large language models (LLMs) for addressing complex problems. In this work, we study how these alternatives compare in…

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown impressive capabilities in downstream software engineering tasks such as Automated Program Repair (APR). In particular, there has been a lot of research on repository-level issue-resolution benchmarks…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-06-23 Anvith Pabba , Alex Mathai , Anindya Chakraborty , Baishakhi Ray

Process Reward Models (PRMs) supervise intermediate reasoning steps in large language models (LLMs), but existing PRMs are mainly trained on general-domain data and struggle with the structured, symbolic, and fact-sensitive nature of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Jie Zhu , Yuanchen Zhou , Shuo Jiang , Junhui Li , Lifan Guo , Feng Chen , Chi Zhang

Current techniques for post-training Large Language Models (LLMs) rely either on costly human supervision or on external verifiers to boost performance on tasks such as mathematical reasoning and code generation. However, as LLMs improve…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Mukesh Ghimire , Aosong Feng , Liwen You , Youzhi Luo , Fang Liu , Xuan Zhu

Despite significant advancements in Large Language Models (LLMs), developing advanced reasoning capabilities in LLMs remains a key challenge. Process Reward Models (PRMs) have demonstrated exceptional promise in enhancing reasoning by…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-26 Miao Peng , Nuo Chen , Zongrui Suo , Jia Li

Process Reward Models (PRMs) provide step-level supervision to large language models (LLMs), but scaling up training data annotation remains challenging for both humans and LLMs. To address this limitation, we propose an active learning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-16 Keyu Duan , Zichen Liu , Xin Mao , Tianyu Pang , Changyu Chen , Qiguang Chen , Michael Qizhe Shieh , Longxu Dou

Recent work on reinforcement learning with verifiable rewards (RLVR) has shown that large language models (LLMs) can be substantially improved using outcome-level verification signals, such as unit tests for code or exact-match checks for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Massimiliano Pronesti , Anya Belz , Yufang Hou

Large language models (LLMs) deployed as agents solve user-specified tasks over multiple steps while keeping the required manual engagement to a minimum. Crucially, such LLMs need to ground their generations in any feedback obtained to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-19 Jonas Gehring , Kunhao Zheng , Jade Copet , Vegard Mella , Quentin Carbonneaux , Taco Cohen , Gabriel Synnaeve

Web agents hold great potential for automating complex computer tasks, yet their interactions involve long-horizon, sequential decision-making with irreversible actions. In such settings, outcome-based supervision is sparse and delayed,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-10 Yao Zhang , Shijie Tang , Zeyu Li , Zhen Han , Volker Tresp

Step-by-step verifiers -- also known as process reward models (PRMs) -- are a key ingredient for test-time scaling. PRMs require step-level supervision, making them expensive to train. This work aims to build data-efficient PRMs as…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-09 Muhammad Khalifa , Rishabh Agarwal , Lajanugen Logeswaran , Jaekyeom Kim , Hao Peng , Moontae Lee , Honglak Lee , Lu Wang

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown strong capability in diverse software engineering tasks. However, feature-driven development, a highly prevalent real-world task that involves developing new functionalities for large, existing…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-02-09 Yaxin Du , Yuzhu Cai , Yifan Zhou , Cheng Wang , Yu Qian , Xianghe Pang , Qian Liu , Yue Hu , Siheng Chen

Automating radiology report generation with Large Vision-Language Models (LVLMs) holds great potential, yet these models often produce clinically critical hallucinations, posing serious risks. Existing hallucination detection methods…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Alois Thomas , Maya Varma , Jean-Benoit Delbrouck , Curtis P. Langlotz

As large language model agents advance beyond software engineering (SWE) tasks toward machine learning engineering (MLE), verifying agent behavior becomes orders of magnitude more expensive: while SWE tasks can be verified via…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-07 Yuhang Zhou , Lizhu Zhang , Yifan Wu , Jiayi Liu , Xiangjun Fan , Zhuokai Zhao , Hong Yan

Large language model (LLM) research in software engineering has largely focused on tasks such as code generation and bug repair. In practice, teams often draft multiple candidate proposals for fixing an issue and then deliberate on one…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-02-02 Boyin Tan , Haoning Deng , Junyuan Zhang , Junjielong Xu , Pinjia He , Youcheng Sun

Recent advances in large language model (LLM) agents have shown remarkable progress in software issue resolution, leveraging advanced techniques such as multi-agent collaboration and Monte Carlo Tree Search (MCTS). However, current agents…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Silin Chen , Shaoxin Lin , Yuling Shi , Heng Lian , Xiaodong Gu , Longfei Yun , Dong Chen , Lin Cao , Jiyang Liu , Nu Xia , Qianxiang Wang

Large language model (LLM)-powered agents have demonstrated strong capabilities in automating software engineering tasks such as static bug fixing. However, in the real world, the development of mature software is typically predicated on…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-02 Jialong Chen , Xander Xu , Hu Wei , Chuan Chen , Bing Zhao

Software engineering agents (SWE) are improving rapidly, with recent gains largely driven by reinforcement learning (RL). However, RL training is constrained by the scarcity of large-scale task collections with reproducible execution…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-03-02 Ibragim Badertdinov , Maksim Nekrashevich , Anton Shevtsov , Alexander Golubev

In this technical report, we present SWE-Master, an open-source and fully reproducible post-training framework for building effective software engineering agents. SWE-Master systematically explores the complete agent development pipeline,…

This work evaluates the potential of large language models (LLMs) to power digital assistants capable of complex action execution. These assistants rely on pre-trained programming knowledge to execute multi-step goals by composing objects…

The success of large language models has garnered widespread attention for model merging techniques, especially training-free methods which combine model capabilities within the parameter space. However, two challenges remain: (1) uniform…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-03-28 Jiaqi Han , Jingwen Ye , Shunyu Liu , Haofei Zhang , Jie Song , Zunlei Feng , Mingli Song