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Modern enterprise environments demand intelligent systems capable of handling complex, dynamic, and multi-faceted tasks with high levels of autonomy and adaptability. However, traditional single-purpose AI systems often lack sufficient…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-26 Siyi Wu , Zeyu Wang , Xinyuan Song , Zhengpeng Zhou , Lifan Sun , Tianyu Shi

The Model Context Protocol (MCP) is emerging as a standard interface through which large language model (LLM) agents discover and invoke external tools. However, existing MCP evaluations fall short along three key axes: realistic multi-step…

The Model Context Protocol (MCP), introduced by Anthropic in November 2024 and now governed by the Linux Foundation's Agentic AI Foundation, has rapidly become the de facto standard for connecting large language model (LLM)-based agents to…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-08 Nirajan Acharya , Gaurav Kumar Gupta

Effective multi-agent systems cannot be designed by selecting prompts or communication graphs in isolation. Agent behavior depends on the information an agent receives, while the usefulness of a communication edge depends on how the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Yi Ding , Zijie Xuan , Haowei Zhou , Zhenyu Ju , Xiaoxiao Dong , Jingwen Zhang , Xingyu Zhu , Leixin Sun , Haochi Zhang

Large Language Model (LLM) agents increasingly interact with external systems through tool-calling protocols such as the Model Context Protocol (MCP). In prevailing architectures, the agent must reason about every tool invocation in every…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Abhinav Singh Parmar

The Model Context Protocol (MCP) is a recently proposed interoperability standard that unifies how AI agents connect with external tools and data sources. By defining a set of common client-server message exchange clauses, MCP replaces…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-12 Nanzi Yang , Weiheng Bai , Kangjie Lu

Agentic AI systems, which leverage multiple autonomous agents and large language models (LLMs), are increasingly used to address complex, multi-step tasks. The safety, security, and functionality of these systems are critical, especially in…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-16 Edoardo Allegrini , Ananth Shreekumar , Z. Berkay Celik

This paper proposes Co-TAP (T: Triple, A: Agent, P: Protocol), a three-layer agent interaction protocol designed to address the challenges faced by multi-agent systems across the three core dimensions of Interoperability, Interaction and…

Recent agentic-robotics systems, from Code-asPolicies to modern vision-language-action (VLA) foundation models, presuppose that drivers, SDKs, or ROS-style primitives for the target hardware already exist. Writing those primitives is the…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Quilee Simeon , Justin M. Wei , Yile Fan

Artificial intelligence is rapidly evolving towards multi-agent systems where numerous AI agents collaborate and interact with external tools. Two key open standards, Google's Agent to Agent (A2A) protocol for inter-agent communication and…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2025-05-08 Qiaomu Li , Ying Xie

Human-AI collaboration faces growing challenges as AI systems increasingly outperform humans on complex tasks, while humans remain responsible for orchestration, validation, and decision oversight. To address this imbalance, we introduce…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-02-16 Yuanrong Tang , Huiling Peng , Bingxi Zhao , Hengyang Ding , Hanchao Song , Tianhong Wang , Chen Zhong , Jiangtao Gong

Teams of LLM agents increasingly collaborate on tasks spanning days or weeks: multi-day data-generation sprints where generator, reviewer, and auditor agents coordinate in real time on overlapping batches; specialists carrying findings…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2026-04-22 Hongwei Xu

The rise of large model-based AI agents has spurred interest in Multi-Agent Systems (MAS) for their capabilities in decision-making, collaboration, and adaptability. While the Model Context Protocol (MCP) addresses tool invocation and data…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-14 Yuhan Zhu , Haojie Liu , Jian Wang , Bing Li , Zikang Yin , Yefei Liao

We present AgentOptics, an agentic AI framework for high-fidelity, autonomous optical system control built on the Model Context Protocol (MCP). AgentOptics interprets natural language tasks and executes protocol-compliant actions on…

Agent communication protocols are becoming critical infrastructure for large language model (LLM) systems that must use tools, coordinate with other agents, and operate across heterogeneous environments. This work presents a human-inspired…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Dun Yuan , Fuyuan Lyu , Ye Yuan , Weixu Zhang , Bowei He , Jiayi Geng , Linfeng Du , Zipeng Sun , Yankai Chen , Changjiang Han , Jikun Kang , Xi Chen , Haolun Wu , Xue Liu

As multi-agent AI systems grow in complexity, the protocols connecting them constrain their capabilities. Current protocols such as A2A and MCP do not expose model-level properties as first-class primitives, ignoring properties fundamental…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-11 Sunil Prakash

Today's AI agents are built on large language models (LLMs) equipped with tools to access and modify external environments, such as corporate file systems, API-accessible platforms and websites. AI agents offer the promise of automating…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-03-26 Merlin Stein

Large Language Models (LLMs) have evolved into AI agents that interact with external tools and environments to perform complex tasks. The Model Context Protocol (MCP) has become the de facto standard for connecting agents with such…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-27 Christoph Bühler , Matteo Biagiola , Luca Di Grazia , Guido Salvaneschi

The Model Context Protocol (MCP) has emerged as a de facto standard for integrating Large Language Models with external tools, yet no formal security analysis of the protocol specification exists. We present the first rigorous security…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Narek Maloyan , Dmitry Namiot

This survey investigates how classical software design patterns can enhance the reliability and scalability of communication in Large Language Model (LLM)-driven agentic AI systems, focusing particularly on the Model Context Protocol (MCP).…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-25 Anjana Sarkar , Soumyendu Sarkar