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Warning: this paper contains content that may be offensive or upsetting Hate speech moderation on global platforms poses unique challenges due to the multimodal and multilingual nature of content, along with the varying cultural…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-18 Minh Duc Bui , Katharina von der Wense , Anne Lauscher

Large Language Models (LLMs) exhibit remarkable text classification capabilities, excelling in zero- and few-shot learning (ZSL and FSL) scenarios. However, since they are trained on different datasets, performance varies widely across…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-16 Flor Miriam Plaza-del-Arco , Debora Nozza , Dirk Hovy

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly used to generate synthetic textual data for training smaller specialized models. However, a comparison of various generation strategies for low-resource language settings is lacking. While…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-22 Tatiana Anikina , Jan Cegin , Jakub Simko , Simon Ostermann

Exponential growths of social media and micro-blogging sites not only provide platforms for empowering freedom of expressions and individual voices but also enables people to express anti-social behaviour like online harassment,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-04-21 Md. Rezaul Karim , Bharathi Raja Chakravarthi , John P. McCrae , Michael Cochez

This paper introduces the approach of "Gradient Masters" for BLP-2025 Task 1: "Bangla Multitask Hate Speech Identification Shared Task". We present an ensemble-based fine-tuning strategy for addressing subtasks 1A (hate-type classification)…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Syed Mohaiminul Hoque , Naimur Rahman , Md Sakhawat Hossain

Rhetorical strategies are central to persuasive communication, from political discourse and marketing to legal argumentation. However, analysis of rhetorical strategies has been limited by reliance on human annotation, which is costly,…

Today, hate speech classification from Arabic tweets has drawn the attention of several researchers. Many systems and techniques have been developed to resolve this classification task. Nevertheless, two of the major challenges faced in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-03 Kheir Eddine Daouadi , Yaakoub Boualleg , Kheir Eddine Haouaouchi

The proliferation of hate speech has inflicted significant societal harm, with its intensity and directionality closely tied to specific targets and arguments. In recent years, numerous machine learning-based methods have been developed to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-16 Zewen Bai , Liang Yang , Shengdi Yin , Yuanyuan Sun , Hongfei Lin

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown strong performance on NLP classification tasks. However, they typically rely on aggregated labels-often via majority voting-which can obscure the human disagreement inherent in subjective annotations.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-09 Benedetta Muscato , Yue Li , Gizem Gezici , Zhixue Zhao , Fosca Giannotti

Hate speech online targets individuals or groups based on identity attributes and spreads rapidly, posing serious social risks. Memes, which combine images and text, have emerged as a nuanced vehicle for disseminating hate speech, often…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2026-03-26 Rui Xing , Qi Chai , Jie Ma , Jing Tao , Pinghui Wang , Shuming Zhang , Xinping Wang , Hao Wang

Recent observations have underscored a disparity between the inflated benchmark scores and the actual performance of LLMs, raising concerns about potential contamination of evaluation benchmarks. This issue is especially critical for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-05 Chunyuan Deng , Yilun Zhao , Xiangru Tang , Mark Gerstein , Arman Cohan

The rise of emergence of social media platforms has fundamentally altered how people communicate, and among the results of these developments is an increase in online use of abusive content. Therefore, automatically detecting this content…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-02-20 Khouloud Mnassri , Praboda Rajapaksha , Reza Farahbakhsh , Noel Crespi

With the exponential rise in user-generated web content on social media, the proliferation of abusive languages towards an individual or a group across the different sections of the internet is also rapidly increasing. It is very…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-03-24 Prashant Kapil , Asif Ekbal

Large language models (LLMs) offer new opportunities for scalable analysis of online discourse. Yet their use in multilingual social science research remains constrained by model size, cost and linguistic bias. We develop a lightweight,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-30 Andrea Nasuto , Stefano Maria Iacus , Francisco Rowe , Devika Jain

Detoxification, the task of rewriting harmful language into non-toxic text, has become increasingly important amid the growing prevalence of toxic content online. However, high-quality parallel datasets for detoxification, especially for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-09 Shuzhou Yuan , Ercong Nie , Lukas Kouba , Ashish Yashwanth Kangen , Helmut Schmid , Hinrich Schütze , Michael Färber

This paper proposes an automatic speech recognition (ASR) model for hate speech using large language models (LLMs). The proposed method integrates the encoder of the ASR model with the decoder of the LLMs, enabling simultaneous…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-01-09 Ryutaro Oshima , Yuya Hosoda , Youji Iiguni

Hate speech detection is a crucial area of research in natural language processing, essential for ensuring online community safety. However, detecting implicit hate speech, where harmful intent is conveyed in subtle or indirect ways,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-17 Yumin Kim , Hwanhee Lee

Large language models (LLMs) have achieved impressive results across a range of natural language processing tasks, but their potential to generate harmful content has raised serious safety concerns. Current toxicity detectors primarily rely…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-20 Zhiqiang Kou , Junyang Chen , Xin-Qiang Cai , Ming-Kun Xie , Biao Liu , Changwei Wang , Lei Feng , Yuheng Jia , Gang Niu , Masashi Sugiyama , Xin Geng

With the widespread online social networks, hate speeches are spreading faster and causing more damage than ever before. Existing hate speech detection methods have limitations in several aspects, such as handling data insufficiency,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-27 Guanyi Mou , Kyumin Lee

Social media platforms are critical spaces for public discourse, shaping opinions and community dynamics, yet their widespread use has amplified harmful content, particularly hate speech, threatening online safety and inclusivity. While…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-11 Muhammad Usman , Muhammad Ahmad , M. Shahiki Tash , Irina Gelbukh , Rolando Quintero Tellez , Grigori Sidorov