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We introduce a method for efficient multi-label text classification with large language models (LLMs), built on reformulating classification tasks as sequences of dichotomic (yes/no) decisions. Instead of generating all labels in a single…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-07 Mikołaj Langner , Jan Eliasz , Ewa Rudnicka , Jan Kocoń

WARNING: This paper contains examples of offensive materials. To address the proliferation of toxic content on social media, we introduce SMARTER, we introduce SMARTER, a data-efficient two-stage framework for explainable content moderation…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-23 Huy Nghiem , Advik Sachdeva , Hal Daumé

Hate, derogatory, and offensive speech remains a persistent challenge in online platforms and public discourse. While automated detection systems are widely used, most focus on censorship or removal, raising concerns for transparency and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-17 Jason Liartis , Eirini Kaldeli , Lambrini Gyftokosta , Eleftherios Chelioudakis , Orfeas Menis Mastromichalakis

With the internet's evolution, consumers increasingly rely on online reviews for service or product choices, necessitating that businesses analyze extensive customer feedback to enhance their offerings. While machine learning-based…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-06 Yejian Zhang , Shingo Takada

Annotating large datasets can be challenging. However, crowd-sourcing is often expensive and can lack quality, especially for non-trivial tasks. We propose a method of using LLMs as few-shot learners for annotating data in a complex natural…

Abusive speech on social media poses a persistent and evolving challenge, driven by the continuous emergence of novel slang and obfuscated terms designed to circumvent detection systems. In this work, we present a data efficient strategy…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-03 Pritish N. Desai , Tanay Kewalramani , Srimanta Mandal

The increasing frequency of suicidal thoughts highlights the importance of early detection and intervention. Social media platforms, where users often share personal experiences and seek help, could be utilized to identify individuals at…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-04 Vy Nguyen , Chau Pham

Despite growing interest in using large language models (LLMs) to automate annotation, their effectiveness in complex, nuanced, and multi-dimensional labelling tasks remains relatively underexplored. This study focuses on annotation for the…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-07-02 Leila Tavakoli , Hamed Zamani

When developing text classification models for real world applications, one major challenge is the difficulty to collect sufficient data for all text classes. In this work, we address this challenge by utilizing large language models (LLMs)…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-15 Chenhao Xue , Yuanzhe Jin , Adrian Carrasco-Revilla , Joyraj Chakraborty , Min Chen

Detecting offensive language on social media is an important task. The ICWSM-2020 Data Challenge Task 2 is aimed at identifying offensive content using a crowd-sourced dataset containing 100k labelled tweets. The dataset, however, suffers…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-12-08 Ruibo Liu , Guangxuan Xu , Soroush Vosoughi

Online social media platforms are central to everyday communication and information seeking. While these platforms serve positive purposes, they also provide fertile ground for the spread of hate speech, offensive language, and bullying…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-03 Md Arid Hasan , Firoj Alam , Md Fahad Hossain , Usman Naseem , Syed Ishtiaque Ahmed

Academic researchers and social media entities grappling with the identification of hate speech face significant challenges, primarily due to the vast scale of data and the dynamic nature of hate speech. Given the ethical and practical…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-08 Dengyi Liu , Minghao Wang , Andrew G. Catlin

Identifying offensive language is essential for maintaining safety and sustainability in the social media era. Though large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated encouraging potential in social media analytics, they lack thorough…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-22 Jianfei He , Lilin Wang , Jiaying Wang , Zhenyu Liu , Hongbin Na , Zimu Wang , Wei Wang , Qi Chen

The proliferation of hateful content in online videos poses severe threats to individual well-being and societal harmony. However, existing solutions for video hate detection either rely heavily on large-scale human annotations or lack…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-11 Yueming Sun , Long Yang , Jianbo Jiao , Zeyu Fu

Pre-training large neural language models, such as BERT, has led to impressive gains on many natural language processing (NLP) tasks. Although this method has proven to be effective for many domains, it might not always provide desirable…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-12-13 Omkar Gokhale , Aditya Kane , Shantanu Patankar , Tanmay Chavan , Raviraj Joshi

Although speech emotion recognition (SER) has advanced significantly with deep learning, annotation remains a major hurdle. Human annotation is not only costly but also subject to inconsistencies annotators often have different preferences…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-02 Xin Jing , Jiadong Wang , Iosif Tsangko , Andreas Triantafyllopoulos , Björn W. Schuller

Online hate speech and abusive language pose a growing challenge for content moderation, especially in multilingual settings and for low-resource languages such as Lithuanian. This paper investigates to what extent modern multilingual…

Hateful memes have become a significant concern on the Internet, necessitating robust automated detection systems. While Large Multimodal Models (LMMs) have shown promise in hateful meme detection, they face notable challenges like…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Jingbiao Mei , Jinghong Chen , Guangyu Yang , Weizhe Lin , Bill Byrne

Fake news poses a significant threat to public opinion and social stability in modern society. This study presents a comparative evaluation of BERT-like encoder-only models and autoregressive decoder-only large language models (LLMs) for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-23 Shaina Raza , Drai Paulen-Patterson , Chen Ding

Detecting hate speech and offensive language is essential for maintaining a safe and respectful digital environment. This study examines the limitations of state-of-the-art large language models (LLMs) in identifying offensive content…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-19 Yunze Xiao , Yujia Hu , Kenny Tsu Wei Choo , Roy Ka-wei Lee
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