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We review a communication protocol recently proposed by us that makes use of a two-way quantum channel. We provide a characterization of such a protocol from a practical perspective, and consider the most relevant eavesdropping strategies…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-03-13 Marco Lucamarini , Stefano Mancini

Cryptography underpins the security of modern digital infrastructure, from cloud services to health data. However, many widely deployed systems will become vulnerable after the advent of scalable quantum computing. Although quantum-safe…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-07 Homer A. Riva-Cambrin , Rahul Singh , Sanju Lama , Garnette R. Sutherland

Quantum key distribution, which allows two distant parties to share an unconditionally secure cryptographic key, promises to play an important role in the future of communication. For this reason such technique has attracted many…

Quantum secure direct communication (QSDC) and deterministic secure quantum communication (DSQC) are two important branches of quantum cryptography, where one can transmit a secret message securely without encrypting it by a prior key. In…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-02-22 Nayana Das , Goutam Paul

Quantum cryptography remains a topic of enduring scientific and educational interest. Here, we present a clear and accessible framework for exploring the six-state quantum key distribution protocol, an enhanced three-basis extension of the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-11-18 Sara P. Gandelman , Georgi Gary Rozenman

In this survey we propose to cover the prose of post-quantum cryptography over classical cryptography. We talk about the various cryptographic methods that are being practiced to safeguard our information. The future of secure communication…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-02-19 Pranjal , Atul Chaturvedi

Quantum cryptographic conferencing (QCC) holds promise for distributing information-theoretic secure keys among multiple users over long distance. Limited by the fragility of Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ) state, QCC networks based on…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-08-12 Shuai Zhao , Pei Zeng , Wen-Fei Cao , Xin-Yu Xu , Yi-Zheng Zhen , Xiongfeng Ma , Li Li , Nai-Le liu , Kai Chen

Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) offers information-theoretic security against quantum computing threats, but integrating QKD into existing security protocols remains an unsolved challenge due to fundamental mismatches between pre-distributed…

We analyze the security of the two-way continuous-variable quantum key distribution protocol in reverse reconciliation against general two-mode attacks, which represent all accessible attacks at fixed channel parameters. Rather than against…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-03-09 Yi-Chen Zhang , Zhengyu Li , Yijia Zhao , Song Yu , Hong Guo

Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) is a means of generating keys between a pair of computing hosts that is theoretically secure against cryptanalysis, even by a quantum computer. Although there is much active research into improving the QKD…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2017-12-08 Piotr K. Tysowski , Xinhua Ling , Norbert Lütkenhaus , Michele Mosca

Currently used digital signatures based on asymmetric cryptography will be vulnerable to quantum computers running Shor's algorithm. In this work, we propose a new quantum-assisted digital signature protocol based on symmetric keys…

We present a layered and modular network architecture that combines Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) and Post-Quantum Cryptography (PQC) to provide scalable end-to-end security across long distance multi-hop, trusted-node quantum networks. To…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-14 Paul Spooren , Andreas Neuhold , Sebastian Ramacher , Thomas Hühn

Device-independent quantum key distribution (DI-QKD) enables information-theoretically secure key exchange between remote parties without any assumptions on the internal workings of the devices used for its implementation. However, its…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-11-20 Makoto Ishihara , Anthony Brendan , Wojciech Roga , Ulrik L. Andersen , Masahiro Takeoka

Quantum key distribution, initialized in 1984, is a commercialized secure communication method which enables two parties to produce shared random secret key by the nature of quantum mechanics. We propose QQUIC (Quantum assisted Quick UDP…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-06-02 Peng Yan , Nengkun Yu

Akiyama et al. (Int. J. Math. Indust., 2019) proposed a post-quantum key exchange protocol that is based on the hardness of solving a system of multivariate non-linear polynomial equations but has a design strategy different from ordinary…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-05-20 Keita Suzuki , Koji Nuida

With the rapid evolution of the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT), the boundaries and scale of the Internet are continuously expanding. Consequently, the limitations of traditional certificate-based Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) have…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-27 Penghui Liu , Yi Niu , Xiaoxiong Zhong , Jiahui Wu , Weizhe Zhang , Kaiping Xue , Bin Xiao

We propose a quantum authentication and digital signature protocol whose security is founded on the Quantum Merlin Arthur~(QMA)-completeness of the consistency of local density matrices. The protocol functions as a true public-key…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-06-23 Le-Ran Liu , Min-Quan He , Dan-Bo Zhang , Z. D. Wang

We review new frontiers in information security technologies in communications and distributed storage technologies with the use of classical, quantum, hybrid classical-quantum, and post-quantum cryptography. We analyze the current…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-04-04 I. S. Kabanov , R. R. Yunusov , Y. V. Kurochkin , A. K. Fedorov

A quantum cryptographic protocol based in public key cryptography combinations and private key cryptography is presented. Unlike the BB84 protocol [1] and its many variants [2,3] two quantum channels are used. The present research does not…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2012-05-15 Eduin H. Serna

Ensuring ciphertext indistinguishability is fundamental to cryptographic security, but empirically validating this property in real implementations and hybrid settings presents practical challenges. The transition to post-quantum…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-09 Simon Calderon , Niklas Johansson , Onur Günlü
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