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In recent years, the advancement of quantum computing technology has posed potential security threats to RSA cryptography and elliptic curve cryptography. In response, the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) published…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-07-30 Abel C. H. Chen

In this paper, we consider a quantum key distribution protocol (QKD) with two-way classical communication that is assisted by one-time pad encryption. We propose a two-way preprocessing that uses one-time pad encryption by previously shared…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Shun Watanabe , Ryutaroh Matsumoto , Tomohiko Uyematsu

Quantum key distribution (QKD) enables unconditionally secure communication between distinct parties using a quantum channel and an authentic public channel. Reducing the portion of quantum-generated secret keys, that is consumed during the…

Digital signatures are widely used for providing security of communications. At the same time, the security of currently deployed digital signature protocols is based on unproven computational assumptions. An efficient way to ensure an…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-01-19 E. O. Kiktenko , A. S. Zelenetsky , A. K. Fedorov

Most traditional applications of quantum cryptography are point-to-point communications, in which only two users can exchange keys. In this letter, we present a network scheme that enable quantum key distribution between multi-user with…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Xiao-Fan Mo , Tao Zhang , Fang-Xing Xu , Zheng-Fu Han , Guang-Can Guo

The rapid development of quantum computers threatens traditional cryptographic schemes, prompting the need for Post-Quantum Cryptography (PQC). Although the NIST standardization process has accelerated the development of such algorithms,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-19 Mauro Conti , Francesco Marchiori , Sebastiano Matarazzo , Marco Rubin

Narrowband Internet of Things (NB-IoT) is a wireless communication technology that enables a wide range of applications, from smart cities to industrial automation. As a part of the 5G extension, NB-IoT promises to connect billions of…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-09-08 Kadir Sabanci , Mumin Cebe

We present a protocol for quantum key distribution using discrete modulation of coherent states of light. Information is encoded in the variable phase of coherent states which can be chosen from a regular discrete set ranging from binary to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-05-13 Denis Sych , Gerd Leuchs

Quantum Key Exchange (QKE, also known as Quantum Key Distribution or QKD) allows communicating parties to securely establish cryptographic keys. It is a well-established fact that all QKE protocols require that the parties have access to an…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-08-11 Kenneth G. Paterson , Fred Piper , Ruediger Schack

Quantum Internet signifies a remarkable advancement in communication technology, harnessing the principles of quantum entanglement and superposition to facilitate unparalleled levels of security and efficient computations. Quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-12-12 Mohamed Shaban , Muhammad Ismail

AmphiKey, a dual-mode post-quantum/traditional (PQ/T) hybrid authenticated key exchange mechanism (AKEM) has been designed to secure smart grid communications against both classical and quantum threats. AmphiKey offers two distinct…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Kazi Hassan Shakib , Muhammad Asfand Hafeez , Arslan Munir

Quantum technology can enable secure communication for cryptography purposes using quantum key distribution. Quantum key distribution protocols provide a secret key between two users with security guaranteed by the laws of quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-10-11 Venkat Abhignan , Abhishek Jamunkar , Gokul Nair , Mohit Mittal , Megha Shrivastava

Authentication is a well-studied area of classical cryptography: a sender S and a receiver R sharing a classical private key want to exchange a classical message with the guarantee that the message has not been modified by any third party…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-11-18 Howard Barnum , Claude Crepeau , Daniel Gottesman , Adam Smith , Alain Tapp

Post-quantum cryptography (PQC) is crucial for securing data against emerging quantum threats. However, its algorithms are computationally complex and difficult to implement efficiently on hardware. In this paper, we explore the potential…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-02-11 Yuchao Liao , Tosiron Adegbija , Roman Lysecky

Recent advances in quantum-secure communication have highlighted the value of hybrid schemes that combine Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) with Post-Quantum Cryptography (PQC). Yet most existing hybrid designs omit realistic finite-key…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-19 Aman Gupta , Ravi Singh Adhikari , Anju Rani , Xiaoyu Ai , Robert Malaney

Unconditional security in quantum key distribution (QKD) relies on authenticating the identities of users involved in key distribution. While classical identity authentication schemes were initially utilized in QKD implementations, concerns…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-02-13 Arindam Dutta , Anirban Pathak

This study presents the first two authenticated semi-quantum direct communication (ASQDC) protocols without using any classical channel. By pre-sharing the master secret key between two communicants, a sender with advanced quantum devices…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-04-01 Yi-Ping Luo , Tzonelih Hwang

Experimental deployment of quantum communication over Earth-satellite channels opens the way to a secure global quantum Internet. In this work, we present results from a real-time prototype quantum key distribution (QKD) system, which…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-08-13 Anju Rani , Xiaoyu Ai , Aman Gupta , Ravi Singh Adhikari , Robert Malaney

5G Core networks are entering a decisive phase of post-quantum (PQ) migration: operators and vendors are beginning to advertise PQ-TLS 1.3, PQ-IPsec, and hybrid KEM support across the Service-Based Interface (SBI) and N2, N3, N4 reference…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Lakshya Chopra , Vipin Kumar Rathi

This study proposes post-quantum encrypted control systems based on dynamic-key Learning with Errors (LWE) encryption schemes. The proposed method develops update maps that simultaneously update the private key and ciphertexts within the…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-04-28 Jungjin Park , Kiminao Kogiso