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Deploying language models as autonomous agents requires more than per-task accuracy: when an agent faces a queue of problems under a finite token budget, it must decide which to attempt, in what order, and how much compute to commit to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-14 Zabir Al Nazi , Shubhashis Roy Dipta

We present the TRIAGE Benchmark, a novel machine ethics (ME) benchmark that tests LLMs' ability to make ethical decisions during mass casualty incidents. It uses real-world ethical dilemmas with clear solutions designed by medical…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-11-05 Nathalie Maria Kirch , Konstantin Hebenstreit , Matthias Samwald

Vision-Language Models (VLMs) face significant computational challenges in video processing due to massive data redundancy, which creates prohibitively long token sequences. To address this, we introduce Triage, a training-free,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-02 Anmin Wang , Nan Zhang , Wei Tao , Xiaoyang Qu , Guokuan Li , Jiguang Wan , Jianzong Wang

As modern software systems continue to grow in complexity, triage has become a fundamental process in system operations and maintenance. Triage aims to efficiently prioritize, assign, and assess issues to ensure the reliability of complex…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-11-13 Yongxin Zhao , Shenglin Zhang , Yujia Wu , Yuxin Sun , Yongqian Sun , Dan Pei , Chetan Bansal , Minghua Ma

Large foundation models are fundamentally transforming the software engineering landscape, demonstrating exceptional capabilities across diverse tasks such as code generation, debugging, and testing. Despite this rapid progress, a…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Shuzheng Gao , Eric John Li , Man Ho Lam , Jingyu Xiao , Yuxuan Wan , Chaozheng Wang , Ng Man Tik , Michael R. Lyu

The introduction of the transformer architecture and the self-attention mechanism has led to an explosive production of language models trained on specific downstream tasks and data domains. With over 200, 000 models in the Hugging Face…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-08-24 Surya Narayanan Hari , Matt Thomson

Multi-step reasoning tasks like mathematical problem solving are vulnerable to cascading failures, where a single incorrect step leads to complete solution breakdown. Current LLM routing methods assign entire queries to one model, treating…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-16 Vansh Kapoor , Aman Gupta , Hao Chen , Anurag Beniwal , Jing Huang , Aviral Kumar

Surgical co-management (SCM) is an evidence-based model in which hospitalists jointly manage medically complex perioperative patients alongside surgical teams. Despite its clinical and financial value, SCM is limited by the need to manually…

The rapid advancement of AI technologies and their accelerated adoption in software development necessitates a systematic evaluation of their environmental impact alongside functional correctness. While prior studies have examined…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-11-12 Mohammadjavad Mehditabar , Saurabhsingh Rajput , Antonio Mastropaolo , Tushar Sharma

Agents built on large language models (LLMs) rely on a range of reliability techniques, including retry, majority voting, and self-consistency, that have been developed in parallel rather than within a common analytical framework. We…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Hamed Omidvar , Vahideh Akhlaghi

How should Large Language Model (LLM) practitioners select the right model for a task without wasting money? We introduce BELLA (Budget-Efficient LLM Selection via Automated skill-profiling), a framework that recommends optimal LLM…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Mika Okamoto , Ansel Kaplan Erol , Glenn Matlin

Efficient routing across multiple LLMs enables cost-quality tradeoffs by directing queries to the cheapest capable model. Prior work attributes routing headroom to an "unsolvability ceiling", queries no model in the pool can solve. We…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Saloni Garg , Amit Sagtani

As large language models (LLMs) proliferate in scale, specialization, and latency profiles, the challenge of routing user prompts to the most appropriate model has become increasingly critical for balancing performance and cost. We…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-09-19 Amine Barrak , Yosr Fourati , Michael Olchawa , Emna Ksontini , Khalil Zoghlami

Large language models (LLMs) exhibit substantial variability in performance and computational cost across tasks and queries, motivating routing systems that select models to meet user-specific cost-performance trade-offs. However, existing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-13 Hui Liu , Bin Zou , Kecheng Chen , Jie Liu , Wenya Wang , Haoliang Li

The proliferation of large language models (LLMs) with varying computational costs and performance profiles presents a critical challenge for scalable, cost-effective deployment in real-world applications. We introduce a unified routing…

The proliferation of Large Language Models (LLMs) with varying capabilities and costs has created a need for efficient model selection in AI systems. LLM routers address this need by dynamically choosing the most suitable model for a given…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-30 Zesen Zhao , Shuowei Jin , Z. Morley Mao

Medical triage is the task of allocating medical resources and prioritizing patients based on medical need. This paper introduces the first large-scale public dataset for studying medical triage in the context of asynchronous outpatient…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Joseph Gatto , Parker Seegmiller , Timothy Burdick , Philip Resnik , Roshnik Rahat , Sarah DeLozier , Sarah M. Preum

Automated respiratory audio analysis promises scalable, non-invasive disease screening, yet progress is limited by scarce labeled data and costly expert annotation. Zero-shot inference eliminates task-specific supervision, but existing…

Sound · Computer Science 2026-04-15 Tsai-Ning Wang , Herman Teun den Dekker , Lin-Lin Chen , Neil Zeghidour , Aaqib Saeed

Computational social science lacks a scalable and reliable mechanism to assure quality for AI-assisted qualitative coding when tasks demand domain expertise and long-text reasoning, and traditional double-coding is prohibitively costly at…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-10-01 Zhilong Zhao , Yindi Liu

Emergency departments worldwide face rising patient volumes, workforce shortages, and variability in triage decisions that threaten the delivery of timely and accurate care. Current triage methods rely primarily on vital signs, routine…

Quantitative Methods · Quantitative Biology 2025-10-21 Kerem Delikoyun , Qianyu Chen , Win Sen Kuan , John Tshon Yit Soong , Matthew Edward Cove , Oliver Hayden
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