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Advancements in LLMs have enhanced task automation in software engineering; however, current evaluations primarily focus on natural language tasks, overlooking code quality. Most benchmarks prioritize high-level reasoning over executable…

Accurate clinical coding is essential for healthcare documentation, billing, and decision-making. While prior work shows that off-the-shelf LLMs struggle with this task, evaluations based on exact match metrics often overlook errors where…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-10 Zhangdie Yuan , Han-Chin Shing , Mitch Strong , Chaitanya Shivade

Large language models (LLMs) are now an integral part of software development workflows and are reshaping the whole process. Traditional technology stack selection has not caught up. Most of the existing selection methods focus solely on…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-09-16 Xiaoyu Zhang , Weipeng Jiang , Juan Zhai , Shiqing Ma , Qingshuang Bao , Chenhao Lin , Chao Shen , Tianlin Li , Yang Liu

Large language models (LLMs) demonstrate remarkable performance across diverse tasks, yet their effectiveness frequently depends on costly commercial APIs or cloud services. Model selection thus entails a critical trade-off between…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-10-08 Yuanzhe Shen , Yide Liu , Zisu Huang , Ruicheng Yin , Xiaoqing Zheng , Xuanjing Huang

Large language model (LLM) routers improve the efficiency of multi-model systems by directing each query to the most appropriate model while leveraging the diverse strengths of heterogeneous LLMs. Most existing approaches frame routing as a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-23 Canbin Huang , Tianyuan Shi , Yuhua Zhu , Ruijun Chen , Xiaojun Quan

LLM providers typically offer multiple LLM tiers, varying in performance and price. As NLP tasks become more complex and modularized, selecting the suitable LLM tier for each subtask is a key challenge to balance between cost and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-30 Injae Na , Keonwoong Noh , Woohwan Jung

Code coverage is a widely used metric for quantifying the extent to which program elements, such as statements or branches, are executed during testing. Calculating code coverage is resource-intensive, requiring code building and execution…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-07-26 Michele Tufano , Shubham Chandel , Anisha Agarwal , Neel Sundaresan , Colin Clement

Data quality is crucial for robust machine learning algorithms, with the recent interest in data-centric AI emphasizing the importance of training data characterization. However, current data characterization methods are largely focused on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-31 Nabeel Seedat , Jonathan Crabbé , Zhaozhi Qian , Mihaela van der Schaar

Deploying large language models (LLMs) in edge-cloud environments requires an efficient routing strategy to balance cost and response quality. Traditional approaches prioritize either human-preference data or accuracy metrics from benchmark…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2025-02-18 Tuo Zhang , Asal Mehradfar , Dimitrios Dimitriadis , Salman Avestimehr

Large Language Models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable performance in Machine Translation (MT), but deploying them at scale remains prohibitively expensive. A widely adopted remedy is the hybrid system paradigm, which balances cost and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-27 Yingfeng Luo , Hongyu Liu , Dingyang Lin , Kaiyan Chang , Chenglong Wang , Bei Li , Quan Du , Tong Xiao , Jingbo Zhu

Benchmarks for large language models (LLMs) have predominantly assessed short-horizon, localized reasoning. Existing long-horizon suites (e.g. SWE-bench) rely on manually curated issues, so expanding or tuning difficulty demands expensive…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Kaivalya Hariharan , Uzay Girit , Atticus Wang , Jacob Andreas

Large Language Models (LLMs) exhibit impressive zero/few-shot inference and generation quality for high-resource languages (HRLs). A few of them have been trained on low-resource languages (LRLs) and give decent performance. Owing to the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-22 Arijit Nag , Animesh Mukherjee , Niloy Ganguly , Soumen Chakrabarti

Large language models (LLMs) achieve remarkable advancements by leveraging tools to interact with environments, a critical step toward generalized AI. However, the standard supervised fine-tuning (SFT) approach, which relies on large-scale…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-27 Junjie Ye , Yilong Wu , Sixian Li , Yuming Yang , Zhiheng Xi , Tao Gui , Qi Zhang , Xuanjing Huang , Peng Wang , Zhongchao Shi , Jianping Fan , Zhengyin Du

Large Language Models (LLMs) have excelled in various tasks but perform better in high-resource scenarios, which presents challenges in low-resource scenarios. Data scarcity and the inherent difficulty of adapting LLMs to specific tasks…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-02 Yuanhao Zeng , Min Wang , Yihang Wang , Yingxia Shao

Reinforcement learning (RL) is a promising approach for robotic manipulation, but it can suffer from low sample efficiency and requires extensive exploration of large state-action spaces. Recent methods leverage the commonsense knowledge…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-04-15 Jelle Luijkx , Runyu Ma , Zlatan Ajanović , Jens Kober

Increasing demand for Large Language Models (LLMs) services imposes substantial deployment and computation costs on providers. LLM routing offers a cost-efficient solution by directing queries to the optimal LLM based on model and query…

Databases · Computer Science 2025-12-16 Fangzhou Wu , Sandeep Silwal

Large language model (LLM) routing has emerged as a crucial strategy for balancing computational costs with performance by dynamically assigning queries to the most appropriate model based on query complexity. Despite recent advances…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-11 Aly M. Kassem , Bernhard Schölkopf , Zhijing Jin

Pretrained Language Models or PLMs are transformer-based architectures that can be used in bug triaging tasks. PLMs can better capture token semantics than traditional Machine Learning (ML) models that rely on statistical features (e.g.,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-21 Md Afif Al Mamun , Gias Uddin , Lan Xia , Longyu Zhang

Online health resources and large language models (LLMs) are increasingly used as a first point of contact for medical decision-making, yet their reliability in healthcare remains limited by low accuracy, lack of transparency, and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-22 Yujia Liu , Sophia Yu , Hongyue Jin , Jessica Wen , Alexander Qian , Terrence Lee , Mattheus Ramsis , Gi Won Choi , Lianhui Qin , Xin Liu , Edward J. Wang

As LLMs are increasingly used as judges in code applications, they should be evaluated in realistic interactive settings that capture partial context and ambiguous intent. We present TRACE (Tool for Rubric Analysis in Code Evaluation), a…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-15 Aditya Mittal , Ryan Shar , Zichu Wu , Shyam Agarwal , Tongshuang Wu , Chris Donahue , Ameet Talwalkar , Wayne Chi , Valerie Chen