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Clinical decision-making requires reasoning over incomplete, imprecise, and linguistically expressed patient narratives. While large language models (LLMs) excel at extracting latent information from natural language, they lack the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Xiaoyang Fan , Yufan Cai , Zhe Hou , Jin Song Dong

Artificial intelligence (AI) has demonstrated strong potential in clinical diagnostics, often achieving accuracy comparable to or exceeding that of human experts. A key challenge, however, is that AI reasoning frequently diverges from…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-25 Belona Sonna , Alban Grastien

With the rapid growth of large language models (LLMs) and vision-language models (VLMs) in medicine, simply integrating clinical text and medical imaging does not guarantee reliable reasoning. Existing multimodal models often produce…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-29 Zelin Zang , Wenyi Gu , Siqi Ma , Dan Yang , Yue Shen , Zhu Zhang , Guohui Fan , Wing-Kuen Ling , Fuji Yang

Automated mental health prediction using textual data has shown promising results with deep learning and large language models. However, deploying these models in high-stakes real-world settings remains challenging, as existing approaches…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-07 Yucheng Ruan , Ling Huang , Qika Lin , Kai He , Mengling Feng

Medicine is rife with high-stakes uncertainty. Doctors routinely make clinical judgments and decisions that juggle many fundamental unknowns, like predictions about what might be causing a patients' symptoms or decisions about what…

Despite the remarkable capabilities of large language models (LLMs) across a range of tasks, mathematical reasoning remains a challenging frontier. Motivated by the observation that humans learn more effectively when prompted not what to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-08 Maria-Eleni Zoumpoulidi , Georgios Paraskevopoulos , Alexandros Potamianos

Machine reasoning has made great progress in recent years owing to large language models (LLMs). In the clinical domain, however, most NLP-driven projects mainly focus on clinical classification or reading comprehension, and under-explore…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-13 Taeyoon Kwon , Kai Tzu-iunn Ong , Dongjin Kang , Seungjun Moon , Jeong Ryong Lee , Dosik Hwang , Yongsik Sim , Beomseok Sohn , Dongha Lee , Jinyoung Yeo

Recent progress in multimodal large language models (MLLMs) has demonstrated promising performance on medical benchmarks and in preliminary trials as clinical assistants. Yet, our pilot audit of diagnostic cases uncovers a critical failure…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Hongjun Liu , Yinghao Zhu , Yuhui Wang , Yitao Long , Zeyu Lai , Lequan Yu , Chen Zhao

As Large Language Models (LLMs) achieve significant breakthroughs in complex reasoning tasks, evaluating their proficiency in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) has become a primary method for measuring machine…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-04 Xuzhao Li , Xuchen Li , Jian Zhao , Shiyu Hu

The symptom checking systems inquire users for their symptoms and perform a rapid and affordable medical assessment of their condition. The basic symptom checking systems based on Bayesian methods, decision trees, or information gain…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-06-03 Aleksandr Nesterov , Bulat Ibragimov , Dmitriy Umerenkov , Artem Shelmanov , Galina Zubkova , Vladimir Kokh

The diagnosis of oral diseases presents a problematic clinical challenge, characterized by a wide spectrum of pathologies with overlapping symptomatology. To address this, we developed Clinical Semantic Intelligence (CSI), a novel…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-22 Mohammad Mashayekhi , Sara Ahmadi Majd , Arian AmirAmjadi , Parsa Hosseini

Analogical Reasoning problems challenge both connectionist and symbolic AI systems as these entail a combination of background knowledge, reasoning and pattern recognition. While symbolic systems ingest explicit domain knowledge and perform…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-09-20 Vishwa Shah , Aditya Sharma , Gautam Shroff , Lovekesh Vig , Tirtharaj Dash , Ashwin Srinivasan

The emergence of groundbreaking large language models capable of performing complex reasoning tasks holds significant promise for addressing various scientific challenges, including those arising in complex clinical scenarios. To enable…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-30 Yakun Zhu , Zhongzhen Huang , Linjie Mu , Yutong Huang , Wei Nie , Jiaji Liu , Shaoting Zhang , Pengfei Liu , Xiaofan Zhang

We present PULSE, a medical reasoning agent that combines a domain-tuned large language model with scientific literature retrieval to support diagnostic decision-making in complex real-world cases. To evaluate its capabilities, we curated a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-19 Zhongzhen Huang , Yan Ling , Hong Chen , Ye Feng , Li Wu , Linjie Mu , Shaoting Zhang , Xiaofan Zhang , Kun Qian , Xiaomu Li

Reasoning-based text-to-image (T2I) generation requires models to interpret complex prompts accurately. Existing reasoning frameworks can be broadly categorized into two types: (1) Text-Only Reasoning, which is computationally efficient but…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-09 Yuanhuiyi Lyu , Kaiyu Lei , Ziqiao Weng , Xu Zheng , Lutao Jiang , Teng Li , Yangfu Li , Ziyuan Huang , Linfeng Zhang , Xuming Hu

Language models excel at diagnostic assessments on curated medical case-studies and vignettes, performing on par with, or better than, clinical professionals. However, existing studies focus on complex scenarios with rich context making it…

Large Language Models (LLMs) generate fluent, plausible text that can mislead users into mistaking simulated coherence for genuine understanding. This paper introduces the Epistemic Suite, a post-foundational diagnostic methodology for…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-10-30 Matthew Kelly

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly used for conversational clinical decision support, yet they conflate next token prediction with probabilistic decision making. We argue that this conflation reflects an architectural limitation:…

Rare diseases affect hundreds of millions worldwide, yet diagnosis often spans years. Convectional pipelines decouple noisy evidence extraction from downstream inferential diagnosis, and general/medical large language models (LLMs) face…

Bridging continuous perceptual signals and discrete symbolic reasoning is a fundamental challenge in AI systems that must operate under uncertainty. We present a neuro-symbolic framework that explicitly models and propagates uncertainty…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-19 Jiahao Wu , Shengwen Yu
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