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Modern web agents possess computer use abilities that allow them to interact with webpages by sending commands to a virtual keyboard and mouse. While such agents have considerable potential to assist human users with complex tasks,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-25 Yixiao Song , Katherine Thai , Chau Minh Pham , Yapei Chang , Mazin Nadaf , Mohit Iyyer

Language agents, built on top of language models (LMs), are systems that can interact with complex environments, such as the open web. In this work, we examine whether such agents can perform realistic and time-consuming tasks on the web,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-22 Ori Yoran , Samuel Joseph Amouyal , Chaitanya Malaviya , Ben Bogin , Ofir Press , Jonathan Berant

Agent evaluation requires assessing complex multi-step behaviors involving tool use and intermediate reasoning, making it costly and expertise-intensive. A natural question arises: can frontier coding assistants reliably automate this…

Multimodal agents are making rapid progress on general computer-use tasks, yet existing benchmarks remain largely confined to browsers and basic desktop applications, falling short in professional software workflows that dominate real-world…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-01-07 Jiaxin Ai , Yukang Feng , Fanrui Zhang , Jianwen Sun , Zizhen Li , Chuanhao Li , Yifan Chang , Wenxiao Wu , Ruoxi Wang , Mingliang Zhai , Kaipeng Zhang

Web-based agents powered by large language models are increasingly used for tasks such as email management or professional networking. Their reliance on dynamic web content, however, makes them vulnerable to prompt injection attacks:…

Modern web test suites rot. A UI refactor breaks locators, a timing change causes race conditions, and within weeks developers abandon the suite entirely. This paper presents an AI-driven autonomous testing framework that addresses these…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-18 Vinil Pasupuleti , Siva Rama Krishna Varma Bayyavarapu , Shrey Tyagi

The rapid development of autonomous web agents powered by Large Language Models (LLMs), while greatly elevating efficiency, exposes the frontier risk of taking unintended or harmful actions. This situation underscores an urgent need for…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-22 Boyuan Zheng , Zeyi Liao , Scott Salisbury , Zeyuan Liu , Michael Lin , Qinyuan Zheng , Zifan Wang , Xiang Deng , Dawn Song , Huan Sun , Yu Su

Autonomous embodied agents live on an Internet of multimedia websites. Can they hop around multimodal websites to complete complex user tasks? Existing benchmarks fail to assess them in a realistic, evolving environment for their embodiment…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-01 Shulin Tian , Ziniu Zhang , Liangyu Chen , Ziwei Liu

AI-powered web agents have the potential to automate repetitive tasks, such as form filling, information retrieval, and scheduling, but they struggle to reliably execute these tasks without human intervention, requiring users to provide…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Yimeng Liu , Misha Sra , Jeevana Priya Inala , Chenglong Wang

Autonomous agents that execute human tasks by controlling computers can enhance human productivity and application accessibility. However, progress in this field will be driven by realistic and reproducible benchmarks. We present…

When a phone-use agent avoids harm, does that show safety, or simply inability to act? Existing evaluations often cannot tell. A harmful outcome may be avoided because the agent recognized the risk and chose the safe action, or because it…

One of the fundamental problems in digital agents is their lack of understanding of their environment. For instance, a web browsing agent may get lost in unfamiliar websites, uncertain what pages must be visited to achieve its goals. To…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-04 Apurva Gandhi , Graham Neubig

Recent advances in large language models have improved the capabilities of coding agents, yet systematic evaluation of complex, end-to-end website development remains limited. To address this gap, we introduce Vision2Web, a hierarchical…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-02 Zehai He , Wenyi Hong , Zhen Yang , Ziyang Pan , Mingdao Liu , Xiaotao Gu , Jie Tang

Automated web testing plays a critical role in ensuring high-quality user experiences and delivering business value. Traditional approaches primarily focus on code coverage and load testing, but often fall short of capturing complex user…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-09-08 Naimeng Ye , Xiao Yu , Ruize Xu , Tianyi Peng , Zhou Yu

As language models evolve into autonomous agents that act and communicate on behalf of users, ensuring safety in multi-agent ecosystems becomes a central challenge. Interactions between personal assistants and external service providers…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-10 Amr Gomaa , Ahmed Salem , Sahar Abdelnabi

AI agents are increasingly deployed to execute important tasks. While rising accuracy scores on standard benchmarks suggest rapid progress, many agents still continue to fail in practice. This discrepancy highlights a fundamental limitation…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Stephan Rabanser , Sayash Kapoor , Peter Kirgis , Kangheng Liu , Saiteja Utpala , Arvind Narayanan

Agent frameworks increasingly encode tool-using behavior as explicit workflow graphs, yet safety enforcement remains a runtime concern. These frameworks expose analyzable graph structure through their APIs, enabling pre-deployment static…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Melwin Xavier , Vaisakh M A , Melveena Jolly , Midhun Xavier

We show that domain-general automatic evaluators can significantly improve the performance of agents for web navigation and device control. We experiment with multiple evaluation models that trade off between inference cost, modularity of…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-10-08 Jiayi Pan , Yichi Zhang , Nicholas Tomlin , Yifei Zhou , Sergey Levine , Alane Suhr

Among existing online mobile-use benchmarks, AndroidWorld has emerged as the dominant benchmark due to its reproducible environment and deterministic evaluation; however, recent agents achieving over 90% success rates indicate its…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-01 Quyu Kong , Xu Zhang , Zhenyu Yang , Nolan Gao , Chen Liu , Panrong Tong , Chenglin Cai , Hanzhang Zhou , Jianan Zhang , Liangyu Chen , Zhidan Liu , Steven Hoi , Yue Wang

Reliable evaluation of AI agents operating in complex, real-world environments requires methodologies that are robust, transparent, and contextually aligned with the tasks agents are intended to perform. This study identifies persistent…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-01 Deepak Akkil , Mowafak Allaham , Amal Raj , Tamer Abuelsaad , Ravi Kokku