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Technical debt has become a common metaphor for the accumulation of software design and implementation choices that seek fast initial gains but that are under par and counterproductive in the long run. However, as a metaphor, technical debt…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-03-23 Jacinto Ramirez Lahti , Antti-Pekka Tuovinen , Tommi Mikkonen

Context: Previous research on software aging is limited with focus on dynamic runtime indicators like memory and performance, often neglecting evolutionary indicators like source code comments and narrowly examining legacy issues within the…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-04-25 Murali Sridharan , Mika Mäntylä , Leevi Rantala

AI integration in automotive perception systems shifts requirements from static specifications to continuously evolving entities shaped by data, models, and operating contexts. When such changes are not consistently documented, validated,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-01 Hina Saeeda , Soniya Abraham

Advances in AI have led to new types of technical debt in software engineering projects. AI-based competition platforms face challenges due to rapid prototyping and a lack of adherence to software engineering principles by participants,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-08-02 Dionysios Sklavenitis , Dimitris Kalles

Technical debt (TD) refers to the long-term costs associated with suboptimal design or code decisions in software development, often made to meet short-term delivery goals. Self-Admitted Technical Debt (SATD) occurs when developers…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Edi Sutoyo , Andrea Capiluppi

Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) are pervasive in the current computer science landscape. Yet, there still exists a lack of software engineering experience and best practices in this field. One such best practice,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-03-09 Bart van Oort , Luís Cruz , Maurício Aniche , Arie van Deursen

Developers often opt for easier but non-optimal implementation to meet deadlines or create rapid prototypes, leading to additional effort known as technical debt to improve the code later. Oftentimes, developers explicitly document the…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Ibuki Nakamura , Yutaro Kashiwa , Bin Lin , Hajimu Iida

Context: Technical debt (TD) is a widely studied metaphor that helps to explain how sub-optimal decisions that can harm software maintainability over time. Although incurring TD is not intrinsically bad, tracking and managing TD are crucial…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-29 João Paulo Biazotto , Daniel Feitosa , Paris Avgeriou , Elisa Yumi Nakagawa

Technical debt (TD) is a metaphor that is used to communicate the consequences of poor software development practices to non-technical stakeholders. In recent years, it has gained significant attention in agile software development (ASD).…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-01-29 Woubshet Nema Behutiye , Pilar Rodriguez , Markku Oivo , Ayse Tosun

Technical Debt, considered by many to be the 'silent killer' of software projects, has undeniably become part of the everyday vocabulary of software engineers. We know it compromises the internal quality of a system, either deliberately or…

The technical debt (TD) metaphor describes actions made during various stages of software development that lead to a more costly future regarding system maintenance and evolution. According to recent studies, on average 25% of development…

Context: The term technical debt (TD) describes the aggregation of sub-optimal solutions that serve to impede the evolution and maintenance of a system. Some claim that the broken windows theory (BWT), a concept borrowed from criminology,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-12-29 William Levén , Hampus Broman , Terese Besker , Richard Torkar

The technical state of software, i.e., its technical debt (TD) and maintainability are of increasing interest as ever more software is developed and deployed. Since td and maintainability are neither uniformly defined, not easy to…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-03-01 Rolf-Helge Pfeiffer , Mircea Lungu

Technical debt refers to suboptimal code that degrades software quality. When developers intentionally introduce such debt, it is called self-admitted technical debt (SATD). Since SATD hinders maintenance, identifying its categories is key…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-10-24 Sota Nakashima , Yuta Ishimoto , Masanari Kondo , Tao Xiao , Yasutaka Kamei

Microservice architectures provide an intuitive promise of high maintainability and evolvability due to loose coupling. However, these quality attributes are notably vulnerable to technical debt (TD). Few studies address TD in microservice…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-06-23 Klara Borowa , Andrzej Ratkowski , Roberto Verdecchia

In [1, 2], we have explored the theoretical aspects of feature extraction optimization processes for solving largescale problems and overcoming machine learning limitations. Majority of optimization algorithms that have been introduced in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-08-28 Farid Ghareh Mohammadi , M. Hadi Amini , Hamid R. Arabnia

To complete tasks faster, developers often have to sacrifice the quality of the software. Such compromised practice results in the increasing burden to developers in future development. The metaphor, technical debt, describes such practice.…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-02-15 Jiakun Liu , Qiao Huang , Xin Xia , Emad Shihab , David Lo , Shanping Li

Technical Debt is a term begat by Ward Cunningham to signify the measure of adjust required to put a software into that state which it ought to have had from the earliest starting point. Often organizations need to support continuous and…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2019-10-29 Nikhil Oswal

Technical Debt (TD) identification in software projects issues is crucial for maintaining code quality, reducing long-term maintenance costs, and improving overall project health. This study advances TD classification using…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-08-20 Karthik Shivashankar , Mili Orucevic , Maren Maritsdatter Kruke , Antonio Martini

Agentic AI systems are increasingly being explored as production infrastructure: they reason over multiple steps, call tools, act through workflows, and adapt through memory and feedback. These systems create governance challenges that are…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Muhammad Zia Hydari , Raja Iqbal , Narayan Ramasubbu