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Synthetic verification techniques such as generating test cases and reward modelling are common ways to enhance the coding capabilities of large language models (LLM) beyond predefined tests. Additionally, code verification has recently…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-31 Aleksander Ficek , Somshubra Majumdar , Vahid Noroozi , Boris Ginsburg

Test-time reinforcement learning (TTRL) always adapts models at inference time via pseudo-labeling, leaving it vulnerable to spurious optimization signals from label noise. Through an empirical study, we observe that responses with medium…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-24 Yongcan Yu , Lingxiao He , Jian Liang , Kuangpu Guo , Meng Wang , Qianlong Xie , Xingxing Wang , Ran He

Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards (RLVR) replaces costly human labeling with automated verifiers. To reduce verifier hacking, many RLVR systems binarize rewards to $\{0,1\}$, but imperfect verifiers inevitably introduce…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-25 Xin-Qiang Cai , Wei Wang , Feng Liu , Tongliang Liu , Gang Niu , Masashi Sugiyama

Reinforcement learning with verifiable rewards (RLVR) is a simple but powerful paradigm for training LLMs: sample a completion, verify it, and update. In practice, however, the verifier is almost never clean--unit tests probe only limited…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-09 Ali Rad , Khashayar Filom , Darioush Keivan , Peyman Mohajerin Esfahani , Ehsan Kamalinejad

Reinforcement learning (RL) has been widely applied to sequential decision making, where interpretability and performance are both critical for practical adoption. Current approaches typically focus on performance and rely on post hoc…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Qianxin Yi , Shao-Bo Lin , Jun Fan , Yao Wang

Learning from negative samples holds great promise for improving Large Language Model (LLM) reasoning capability, yet existing methods treat all incorrect responses as equally informative, overlooking the crucial role of sample quality. To…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-05 Zixiang Di , Jinyi Han , Shuo Zhang , Ying Liao , Zhi Li , Xiaofeng Ji , Yongqi Wang , Zheming Yang , Ming Gao , Bingdong Li , Jie Wang

In real-world applications with large state and action spaces, reinforcement learning (RL) typically employs function approximations to represent core components like the policies, value functions, and dynamics models. Although powerful…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-29 Chenxiao Gao , Haotian Sun , Na Li , Dale Schuurmans , Bo Dai

Batch reinforcement learning (RL) aims at leveraging pre-collected data to find an optimal policy that maximizes the expected total rewards in a dynamic environment. The existing methods require absolutely continuous assumption (e.g., there…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-06-27 Xiaohong Chen , Zhengling Qi , Runzhe Wan

Large-scale verifiable prompts underpin the success of Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards (RLVR), but they contain many uninformative examples and are costly to expand further. Recent studies focus on better exploiting limited…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-23 Xin Xu , Clive Bai , Kai Yang , Tianhao Chen , Yangkun Chen , Weijie Liu , Hao Chen , Yang Wang , Saiyong Yang , Can Yang

Recent studies show LLMs struggle with complex instructions involving multiple constraints (e.g., length, format, sentiment). Existing works address this issue by fine-tuning, which heavily relies on fine-tuning data quality and is…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-03-03 Xianren Zhang , Xianfeng Tang , Hui Liu , Zongyu Wu , Qi He , Dongwon Lee , Suhang Wang

Reinforcement learning (RL) post-training has enabled newer capabilities in models, such as agentic tool-use for search. However, these models struggle primarily due to limitations with sparse outcome-based rewards and a lack of training…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Harsh Goel , Akhil Udathu , Susmija Jabireddy , Pradnesh Kalkar , Atharva Parulekar

Reinforcement learning (RL) is a key post-pretraining step for aligning large language models (LLMs) with complex tasks and human preferences. While it is often assumed that RL fine-tuning requires updating most of a model's parameters, we…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-30 Andrii Balashov

We explore a method for improving the performance of large language models through self-reflection and reinforcement learning. By incentivizing the model to generate better self-reflections when it answers incorrectly, we demonstrate that a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-02 Shelly Bensal , Umar Jamil , Christopher Bryant , Melisa Russak , Kiran Kamble , Dmytro Mozolevskyi , Muayad Ali , Waseem AlShikh

We study a class of constrained reinforcement learning (RL) problems in which multiple constraint specifications are not identified before training. It is challenging to identify appropriate constraint specifications due to the undefined…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-01-02 Dongsheng Ding , Zhengyan Huan , Alejandro Ribeiro

Large language models for code generation increasingly rely on synthetic data, where both problem solutions and verification tests are generated by models. While this enables scalable data creation, it introduces a previously unexplored…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-09-26 Srishti Gureja , Elena Tommasone , Jingyi He , Sara Hooker , Matthias Gallé , Marzieh Fadaee

The increasing design complexity of System-on-Chips (SoCs) has led to significant verification challenges, particularly in meeting coverage targets within a timely manner. At present, coverage closure is heavily dependent on constrained…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-09 Deepak Narayan Gadde , Thomas Nalapat , Aman Kumar , Djones Lettnin , Wolfgang Kunz , Sebastian Simon

In recent years, a variety of tasks have been accomplished by deep reinforcement learning (DRL). However, when applying DRL to tasks in a real-world environment, designing an appropriate reward is difficult. Rewards obtained via actual…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-04 Kanata Suzuki , Tetsuya Ogata

Recent strides in large language models (LLMs) have yielded remarkable performance, leveraging reinforcement learning from human feedback (RLHF) to significantly enhance generation and alignment capabilities. However, RLHF encounters…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-31 Kuo Liao , Shuang Li , Meng Zhao , Liqun Liu , Mengge Xue , Zhenyu Hu , Honglin Han , Chengguo Yin

Reinforcement learning (RL) has demonstrated significant promise in enhancing the reasoning capabilities of Text2SQL LLMs, especially with advanced algorithms such as GRPO and DAPO. However, the performance of these methods is highly…

Test automation brings the potential to reduce costs and human effort, but several aspects of software testing remain challenging to automate. One such example is automated performance testing to find performance breaking points. Current…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2020-08-03 Mahshid Helali Moghadam , Mehrdad Saadatmand , Markus Borg , Markus Bohlin , Björn Lisper
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