Related papers: The Gauge-Invariant Mass Function
We perform the Hamiltonian analysis of an on-shell U(1) gauge field theory, in which the action is not invariant under local U(1) transformations but recovers the invariance when the equations of motion are imposed. We firstly apply Dirac's…
We give an introductory account of the recently identified gauge invariance of the equilibrium statistical mechanics of classical many-body systems [J. M\"uller et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. Phys. Rev. Lett. 133, 217101 (2024)]. The gauge…
We discuss the concept of gauge-invariant fields for non-abelian gauge theories. Infinitesimal fluctuations around a given gauge field can be split into physical and gauge fluctuations. Starting from some reference field the gauge-invariant…
It is well known that the single particle Dirac equation is gauge invariant. This means that observable quantities, such as the current density, are not affected by a gauge transformation. However what happens when the method of second…
We study classical field theories that do not admit an action principle, implying that their formulation is entirely in terms of equations of motion. In the theories that we consider, supersymmetry is realized on the mass-shell. We will…
The masslessness of gluons due to gauge invariance appears to be contradictory with the observed massive structures of hadrons. As a dual process of gauge transformation, we have to fix the gauge to quantize the gluons in order to get…
The concept of perturbative gauge invariance formulated exclusively by means of asymptotic fields is generalized to massive gauge fields. Applying it to the electroweak theory leads to a complete fixing of couplings of scalar and ghost…
Gauge fields of mixed symmetry, corresponding to arbitrary representations of the local Lorentz group of the background spacetime, arise as massive modes in compactifications of superstring theories. We describe bosonic gauge field theories…
Modern theoretical models strongly suggest that new phenomena await discovery above the energy scale of the Standard Model (SM) of particle interactions. In this paper we argue that correct description of particle physics in the TeV energy…
In this paper, we use methods from differential geometry and statistical mechanics to investigate a model for the concept of mass. The theory is not quantum mechanical in the usual sense, although certain features like multiple histories…
We consider non-linear wave type solutions with mass scale parameter and vahished canonical spin density operator in a pure SU(2) quantum chtomodynamics (QCD). A new stationary solution which can be treated as a system of static Wu-Yang…
The dynamical generation of a transverse gauge field mass is studied by means of gap equations for pure gauge theory and the gauged non-linear sigma model in three dimensions. Non-trivial solutions to the gap equations are found indicating…
It is shown that gravitational nature of inertial mass (Mach principle) agrees with idea of interaction of gravitational and electromagnetic forces and does not contradict the laws of classical mechanics. According to the simple…
We develop a gauge theory of the combined gravitational-electromagnetic field by expanding the Poincar\'e group to include clock synchronization transformations. We show that the electromagnetic field can be interpreted as a local gauge…
Motivated by recent works on the origin of inertial mass, we revisit the relationship between the mass of charged particles and zero-point electromagnetic fields. To this end we first introduce a simple model comprising a scalar field…
The purpose of this paper is to investigate the gauge symmetry of classical field theories in integral formalism. A gauge invariant theory is defined in terms of the invariance of the physical observables under the coordinate…
We introduce a gauge invariant definition of a monopole on the lattice. The construction is based on the observation that for each Wilson loop there exists an extra U(1) group which leaves the loop invariant. Since the lattice formulation…
The following two loosely connected sets of topics are reviewed in these lecture notes: 1) Gauge invariance, its treatment in field theories and its implications for internal symmetries and edge states such as those in the quantum Hall…
We investigate 4-dim gauge theories and gravitational theories with nonpolynomial actions containing an infinite series in covariant derivatives of the fields representing the expansion of a transcendental entire function. A class of entire…
We construct gauge invariant 1PI effective action for the NS sector of type II and heterotic string field theory. By construction, zero eigenvalues of the kinetic operator of this action determine the renormalized physical masses, and tree…