Related papers: The Gauge-Invariant Mass Function
A nonlocal mass operator can be consistently set in local form through the introduction of a set of additional fields with geometrical appropriated properties. A local and polynomial gauge invariant action is thus identified. Equations…
It is shown that the gauge invariance and gauge dependence properties of effective action for Yang-Mills theories should be considered as two independent issues in the background field formalism. Application of this formalism to formulate…
The aim of the present article is to give physical meaning to the ingredients of standard gauge field theory in the framework of the scale relativity theory. Owing to the principle of the relativity of scales, the scale-space is not…
Electromagnetic properties of off-shell particles are discussed on the basis of a purely electromagnetic reaction: virtual Compton scattering off a proton. It is shown that the definition of off-shell electromagnetic form factors is not…
Gauge theory underpins the quantum field theories of the standard model, and in a previous paper was shown via a geometric approach to describe classical electromagnetism in a form which approximates QED. Here we formalize and generalize…
Although gauge invariance preserves the values of physical observables, a gauge transformation can introduce important alterations of physical interpretations. To understand this, it is first shown that a gauge transformation is not, in…
The gauge dependence of the Higgs-boson mass and width in the on-shell scheme of renormalization is studied in the heavy-Higgs-boson approximation. The corresponding expansions in the pole scheme are analyzed adopting three frequently…
There is solid consensus among physicists and philosophers that, in gauge field theory, for a quantity to be physically meaningful or real, it must be gauge-invariant. Yet, every "elementary" field in the Standard Model of particle physics…
The possibility of mass in the context of scale-invariant, generally covariant theories, is discussed. The realizations of scale invariance which are considered, are in the context of a gravitational theory where the action, in the first…
In particle physics, the fundamental forces are subject to symmetries called gauge invariance. It is a redundancy in the mathematical description of any physical system. In this article I will demonstrate that the transformer architecture…
We consider four-dimensional non-Abelian gauge theory living on a complex projective space $\mathbb{CP}^2$ as a way of gaining insights into (3+1)-dimensional QCD. In particular, we use a complex parametrization of gauge fields on which…
Using as an example the Einstein gravity with the cosmological constant, we discuss the calculation of renormalization group functions off shell. We found, that gauge dependent terms should be absorbed by the nonlinear renormalization of…
The Standard Model (SM) ascribes the observed mass of elementary particles to an effective interaction between basis states defined without mass terms and a scalar potential associated with the Higgs boson. In the relativistic field theory…
We show that the requirements of renormalizability and physical consistency imposed on perturbative interactions of massive vector mesons fix the theory essentially uniquely. In particular physical consistency demands the presence of at…
It has been known since the 1950's that an unstable particle is associated with a complex pole in the propagator. This had to be rediscovered twice: in the early 1970's in the context of hadronic resonances, and in the early 1990's in the…
Vector Schwinger model with a mass term for the photon, describing 2D electrodyn amics with massless fermions, studied by us recently, represents a new class of models. This theory becomes gauge-invariant when studied on the light-front.…
A new method involving the effective wave function is used to define the mass of a particle in a standard five-dimensional extension of general relativity. The mass is inversely proportional to the magnitude of the scalar field of the extra…
It is shown that gauge theories are most naturally studied via a polar decomposition of the field variable. Gauge transformations may be viewed as those that leave the density invariant but change the phase variable by additive amounts. The…
Vector Schwinger model is reinvestigated with the mass like term for gauge field. Phase space structure has been determined in this situation. It has been found that mass of the gauge boson acquires a generalized expression with the bare…
Quantum field theory is assumed to be gauge invariant. However it is well known that when certain quantities are calculated using perturbation theory the results are not gauge invariant. The non-gauge invariant terms have to be removed in…