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This paper presents the development of "Control-Sync," a novel firmware for universal inverters in microgrids, designed to enhance grid stability and flexibility. As hybrid PV-battery systems become increasingly prevalent, there is a…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-01-03 Fariba Fateh

The renewable energy is connected to the power grid through power electronic converters, which are lack of make the inertia of synchronous generator/machine (SM) be lost. The increasing penetration of renewable energy in power system…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-09-15 Yuan Gao , Hai-Peng Ren , Jie Li

High penetration of wind power with conventional grid following controls for inverter-based wind turbine generators (WTGs) weakens the power grid, challenging the power system stability. Grid-forming (GFM) controls are emerging technologies…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-08-02 Thai-Thanh Nguyen , Tuyen Vu , Sumit Paudyal , Frede Blaabjerg , Thanh Long Vu

Distribution grids currently lack comprehensive real-time metering. Nevertheless, grid operators require precise knowledge of loads and renewable generation to accomplish any feeder optimization task. At the same time, new grid…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2019-03-21 Siddharth Bhela , Vassilis Kekatos , Sriharsha Veeramachaneni

This paper investigates the design and analysis of a novel grid-forming (GFM) control method for grid-connected converters (GCCs). The core novelty lies in a virtual flux observer-based synchronization and load angle control method. The…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-01-26 Xueqing Gao , Jun Zhang , Tao Li , Mingming Zhang

Grid-forming (GFM) technology is widely regarded as a promising solution for future power systems dominated by power electronics. However, a universally accepted definition of GFM behavior and precise method for its quantification remain…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-05-25 Kehao Zhuang , Huanhai Xin , Verena Häberle , Liangxiao Luo , Xiaoying Liu , Xiuqiang He , Linbin Huang , Florian Dörfler

This paper presents a sub-switching period current-limiting control for a grid-tied inverter to prevent transient overcurrents during grid faults and enable seamless fault ride-through (FRT). Sudden grid-voltage disturbances, such as…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-01-08 Jaeyeon Park , Jiyu Lee , Junyeol Maeng , Shenghui Cui

Inverter-based storages are poised to play a prominent role in future power grids with massive renewable generation. Grid-forming inverters (GFMs) are emerging as a dominant technology with synchronous generators (SG)-like characteristics…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-10-22 Ramij Raja Hossain , Kaustav Chatterjee , Sai Pushpak Nandanoori , Soumya Kundu , Laurentiu Marinovici , Karan Kalsi , Diane Baldwin

Grid-following and grid-forming inverters are integral components of microgrids and for integration of renewable energy sources with the grid. For grid following inverters, which need to emulate controllable current sources, a significant…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-07-07 Soham Chakraborty , Sourav Patel , Murti V Salapaka

Unlike conventional generators, inverter-based generation do not possess any rotational inertia. While grid-forming inverters can synthesize small (virtual) inertia via advanced feedback control loops, additional control mechanisms are…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-03-25 Soumya Kundu , Karanjit Kalsi

This paper presents an $\mathcal{H}_\infty$ model matching control-based approach to the problem of power hardware-in-the-loop (PHIL) interfacing. The objective is to interconnect a grid simulation and a physical device via an interface in…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-11-12 Jonathan Eid , Ashley Meagher , Dmitry Rimorov , Anil Kumar Bonala , Rajendra Thike , James Richard Forbes

When grid-forming (GFM) inverter-based resources (IBRs) face severe grid disturbances (e.g., short-circuit faults), the current limitation mechanism may be triggered. Consequently, the GFM IBRs enter the current-saturation mode, inducing…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-10-02 Ali Arjomandi-Nezhad , Yifei Guo , Bikash C. Pal , Guangya Yang

The grid-following and grid-forming controls in voltage-source converters are considered as different operation modes and the synchronization mechanism of them are studied separately. In this article, the intrinsic relationships between…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-07-08 Kaizhe Zhang

Grid-forming (GFM) technology is widely regarded as a promising solution for future power systems dominated by power electronics. However, a precise method for quantifying GFM converter behavior and a universally accepted GFM definition…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-05-24 Kehao Zhuang , Huanhai Xin , Verena Häberle , Xiuqiang He , Linbin Huang , Florian Dörfler

This work investigates the transient and dynamical behavior of hybrid AC/DC systems using dual-port grid-forming (GFM) control. A generalized modeling framework for hybrid AC/DC networks is first introduced that accounts for converter,…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-09-16 Irina Subotić , Dominic Groß , Alexander Winkens , Julian Jansen , Florian Klein-Helmkamp , Andreas Ulbig

The grid-forming converter is an important unit in the future power system with more inverter-interfaced generators. However, improving its performance is still a key challenge. This paper proposes a generalized architecture of the…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-04-14 Meng Chen , Dao Zhou , Ali Tayyebi , Eduardo Prieto-Araujo , Florian Dörfler , Frede Blaabjerg

Diverse synchronization dynamics within the grid-following (GFL)/grid-forming (GFM) converters-interlinked system are prone to induce oscillatory instabilities. To quantify their stability influences, frequency-domain modal analysis (FMA)…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2024-10-02 Haoxiang Zong , Chen Zhang , Marta Molinas

This paper employs modal analysis to study the core inertial dynamics of governor-controlled synchronous generators (GC-SG), droop-based grid-forming (GFM) converters, and their most fundamental interactions. The results indicate that even…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-12-03 Gerardo Medrano , Santiago Cóbreces

Grid forming control applied to power converters that interface storage or renewable generation to the power grid, has been identified as a potential solution to facilitate a substantial share of converter-based renewable generation in the…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-06-28 Kanakesh Vatta Kkuni , Guangya Yang

During grid faults, grid-forming converters are typically suggested to switch from a voltage-source to a current-source mode to limit the current and protect the electronics. This transition has the potential for the converter to…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-06-25 Youcefa Brahim Elkhalil , Nima Tashakor , Davood Keshavarzi , Ehsan Asadi , Stefan Goetz