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The increasing use of language models in automated software testing raises concerns about their environmental impact, yet existing sustainability analyses focus almost exclusively on large language models. As a result, the energy and carbon…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-02-23 Pragati Kumari , Novarun Deb

The growing adoption of prompt-based automation in software testing raises important issues regarding its computational and environmental sustainability. Existing sustainability studies in AI-driven testing primarily focus on large language…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-06 Pragati Kumari , Novarun Deb

There is a growing concern about the environmental impact of large language models (LLMs) in software development, particularly due to their high energy use and carbon footprint. Small Language Models (SLMs) offer a more sustainable…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-10-08 Humza Ashraf , Syed Muhammad Danish , Shadikur Rahman , Zeeshan Sattar

The shift from cloud-hosted Large Language Models (LLMs) to locally deployed open-source Small Language Models (SLMs) has democratized AI-assisted coding; however, it has also decentralized the environmental footprint of AI. While prompting…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-06 Md Afif Al Mamun , Sayan Nath , Gias Uddin , Novarun Deb

Language Models are increasingly applied in software engineering, yet their inference raises growing environmental concerns. Prior work has examined hardware choices and prompt length, but little attention has been paid to linguistic…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-09-29 Vincenzo De Martino , Mohammad Amin Zadenoori , Xavier Franch , Alessio Ferrari

Large Language Models (LLMs) are widely used in software engineering to generate, complete, translate, and fix code, improving developer productivity. While most research focuses on the energy consumption and carbon emissions of model…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-15 Sabiya Banu Masthan Ali , Oussema Kirmani , Aroosa Hameed , Syed Muhammad Danish , Gautam Srivastava

The recent advancements of Small Language Models (SLMs) have opened new possibilities for efficient code generation. SLMs offer lightweight and cost-effective alternatives to Large Language Models (LLMs), making them attractive for use in…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Md Mahade Hasan , Muhammad Waseem , Kai-Kristian Kemell , Jussi Rasku , Juha Ala-Rantala , Pekka Abrahamsson

Large Language Models (LLMs) are widely used for code generation. However, commercial models like ChatGPT require significant computing power, which leads to high energy use and carbon emissions. This has raised concerns about their…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-08-13 Humza Ashraf , Syed Muhammad Danish , Aris Leivadeas , Yazan Otoum , Zeeshan Sattar

The advent of Large Language Models (LLMs) has raised concerns about their enormous carbon footprint, starting with energy-intensive training and continuing through repeated inference. This study investigates the potential of using…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-15 Anandita Garg , Uma Gaba , Deepan Muthirayan , Anish Roy Chowdhury

Large Language Models (LLMs) have transformed numerous domains by providing advanced capabilities in natural language understanding, generation, and reasoning. Despite their groundbreaking applications across industries such as research,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-01-22 Aditi Singh , Nirmal Prakashbhai Patel , Abul Ehtesham , Saket Kumar , Tala Talaei Khoei

Reducing the environmental impact of AI-based software systems has become critical. The intensive use of large language models (LLMs) in software engineering poses severe challenges regarding computational resources, data centers, and…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-10-13 Riccardo Rubei , Aicha Moussaid , Claudio di Sipio , Davide di Ruscio

The increasing use of information technology has led to a significant share of energy consumption and carbon emissions from data centers. These contributions are expected to rise with the growing demand for big data analytics, increasing…

Large Language Models (LLM) have significantly transformed various domains, including software development. These models assist programmers in generating code, potentially increasing productivity and efficiency. However, the environmental…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-05-08 Kuen Sum Cheung , Mayuri Kaul , Gunel Jahangirova , Mohammad Reza Mousavi , Eric Zie

Due to increased computing use, data centers consume and emit a lot of energy and carbon. These contributions are expected to rise as big data analytics, digitization, and large AI models grow and become major components of daily working…

Unit testing is an essential activity in software development for verifying the correctness of software components. However, manually writing unit tests is challenging and time-consuming. The emergence of Large Language Models (LLMs) offers…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-09-26 Lin Yang , Chen Yang , Shutao Gao , Weijing Wang , Bo Wang , Qihao Zhu , Xiao Chu , Jianyi Zhou , Guangtai Liang , Qianxiang Wang , Junjie Chen

Large Language Models (LLMs) are gaining popularity among software engineers. A crucial aspect of developing effective code generation LLMs is to evaluate these models using a robust benchmark. Evaluation benchmarks with quality issues can…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-09-05 Mohammed Latif Siddiq , Simantika Dristi , Joy Saha , Joanna C. S. Santos

Research shows that dialogue, the interactive process through which participants articulate their thinking, plays a central role in constructing shared understanding, coordinating action, and shaping learning outcomes in teams. Analysing…

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly required to generate structured, machine-readable outputs for downstream systems. While recent benchmarks have focused on evaluating the structural correctness of such outputs, the environmental…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Elio Masciari , Vincenzo Moscato , Enea Vincenzo Napolitano , Gian Marco Orlando , Marco Perillo , Diego Russo

In the era of large language models (LLMs), code benchmarks have become an important research area in software engineering and are widely used by practitioners. These benchmarks evaluate the performance of LLMs on specific code-related…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-06-24 Zhiyuan Pan , Xing Hu , Xin Xia , Xiaohu Yang

The increasing electricity demands of personal computers, communication networks, and data centers contribute to higher atmospheric greenhouse gas emissions, which in turn lead to global warming and climate change. Therefore the energy…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-06-24 Tom Cappendijk , Pepijn de Reus , Ana Oprescu
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