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Long-term conversational agents need memory systems that capture relationships between events, not merely isolated facts, to support temporal reasoning and multi-hop question answering. Current approaches face a fundamental trade-off: flat…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-24 Buqiang Xu , Yijun Chen , Jizhan Fang , Ruobin Zhong , Yunzhi Yao , Yuqi Zhu , Lun Du , Shumin Deng

Persistent conversational AI systems face a choice between passing full conversation histories to a long-context large language model (LLM) and maintaining a dedicated memory system that extracts and retrieves structured facts. We compare a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-06 Natchanon Pollertlam , Witchayut Kornsuwannawit

In order for large language models to achieve true conversational continuity and benefit from experiential learning, they need memory. While research has focused on the development of complex memory systems, it remains unclear which types…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-09 Alessandra Terranova , Björn Ross , Alexandra Birch

Memory agents, which depart from predefined memory-processing pipelines by endogenously managing the processing, storage, and retrieval of memories, have garnered increasing attention for their autonomy and adaptability. However, existing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Yanwei Yue , Boci Peng , Xuanbo Fan , Jiaxin Guo , Qiankun Li , Yan Zhang

Multi-agent systems built on Large Language Models (LLMs) show exceptional promise for complex collaborative problem-solving, yet they face fundamental challenges stemming from context window limitations that impair memory consistency, role…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Sizhe Yuen , Francisco Gomez Medina , Ting Su , Yali Du , Adam J. Sobey

Long-context Large Language Models, despite their expanded capacity, require careful working memory management to mitigate attention dilution during long-horizon tasks. Yet existing approaches rely on external mechanisms that lack awareness…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Yuxiang Zhang , Jiangming Shu , Ye Ma , Xueyuan Lin , Shangxi Wu , Jitao Sang

Conversational agents struggle to handle long conversations due to context window limitations. Therefore, memory systems are developed to leverage essential historical information. Existing memory systems typically follow a pipeline of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-30 Yimin Deng , Yuqing Fu , Derong Xu , Yejing Wang , Wei Ni , Jingtong Gao , Xiaopeng Li , Chengxu Liu , Xiao Han , Guoshuai Zhao , Xiangyu Zhao , Li Zhu , Xueming Qian

Multimodal large language models are increasingly deployed as long-horizon agents, where memory must do more than recall: it must track an evolving world, revise what has gone stale, and surface the right evidence at decision time. Existing…

Large Language Model (LLM) agents exhibit remarkable conversational and reasoning capabilities but remain constrained by limited context windows and the lack of persistent memory. Recent efforts address these limitations via external memory…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-01-07 Zhengjun Huang , Zhoujin Tian , Qintian Guo , Fangyuan Zhang , Yingli Zhou , Di Jiang , Zeying Xie , Xiaofang Zhou

Large language models (LLMs) excel at many NLP tasks but struggle to sustain long-term interactions due to limited attention over extended dialogue histories. Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) mitigates this issue but lacks reliable…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-23 Chunliang Chen , Ming Guan , Xiao Lin , Jiaxu Li , Luxi Lin , Qiyi Wang , Xiangyu Chen , Jixiang Luo , Changzhi Sun , Dell Zhang , Xuelong Li

Large language models still struggle with reliable long-term conversational memory: simply enlarging context windows or applying naive retrieval often introduces noise and destabilizes responses. We present APEX-MEM, a conversational memory…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-17 Pratyay Banerjee , Masud Moshtaghi , Shivashankar Subramanian , Amita Misra , Ankit Chadha

Agent memory systems must accommodate continuously growing information while supporting efficient, context-aware retrieval for downstream tasks. Abstraction is essential for scaling agent memory, yet it often comes at the cost of…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-04 Menglin Xia , Xuchao Zhang , Shantanu Dixit , Paramaguru Harimurugan , Rujia Wang , Victor Ruhle , Robert Sim , Chetan Bansal , Saravan Rajmohan

Although Transformers with fully connected self-attentions are powerful to model long-term dependencies, they are struggling to scale to long texts with thousands of words in language modeling. One of the solutions is to equip the model…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-04-27 Haozhe Ji , Rongsheng Zhang , Zhenyu Yang , Zhipeng Hu , Minlie Huang

Large Language Models face significant challenges in maintaining coherent interactions over extended dialogues due to their limited contextual memory. This limitation often leads to fragmented exchanges and reduced relevance in responses,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-24 Haseeb Ullah Khan Shinwari , Muhammad Usama

Long-term memory systems enable conversational agents based on large language models (LLMs) to retain, retrieve, and apply user-specific information across multi-session interactions. However, existing evaluations mainly assess…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-05-21 Zhen Tao , Jinxiang Zhao , Peng Liu , Dinghao Xi , Yanfang Chen , Wei Xu , Zhiyu Li

Autonomous agents have recently achieved remarkable progress across diverse domains, yet most evaluations focus on short-horizon, fully observable tasks. In contrast, many critical real-world tasks, such as large-scale software development,…

The evolution of Large Language Models (LLMs) into autonomous agents necessitates the management of extensive, dynamic contexts. Current benchmarks, however, remain largely static, relying on passive retrieval tasks that fail to simulate…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-02 Shicheng Fang , Yuxin Wang , Xiaoran Liu , Jiahao Lu , Chuanyuan Tan , Xinchi Chen , Yining Zheng , Xuanjing Huang , Xipeng Qiu

Large language models (LLMs) have recently demonstrated impressive capabilities in reasoning tasks. Currently, mainstream LLM reasoning frameworks predominantly focus on scaling up inference-time sampling to enhance performance. In…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Hongduan Tian , Xiao Feng , Ziyuan Zhao , Xiangyu Zhu , Rolan Yan , Bo Han

LLM-based conversational AI agents struggle to maintain coherent behavior over long horizons due to limited context. While RAG-based approaches are increasingly adopted to overcome this limitation by storing interactions in external memory…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-13 Jiazhou Liang , Armin Toroghi , Yifan Simon Liu , Faeze Moradi Kalarde , Liam Gallagher , Scott Sanner

Language model (LM)-based agents have demonstrated promising capabilities in automating complex tasks from natural language instructions, yet they continue to struggle with long-horizon planning and reasoning. To address this, we propose an…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Wenyi Wu , Sibo Zhu , Kun Zhou , Biwei Huang