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Large Language Model-based agents(LLM-based agents) are increasingly deployed in customer service, yet they often forget across sessions, repeat errors, and lack mechanisms for continual self-improvement. This makes them unreliable in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-24 Yizhe Huang , Yang Liu , Ruiyu Zhao , Xiaolong Zhong , Xingming Yue , Ling Jiang

Fine-tuning large language models (LLMs) is intended to improve their reasoning capabilities, yet we uncover a counterintuitive effect: models often forget how to solve problems they previously answered correctly during training. We term…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Yuetai Li , Zhangchen Xu , Fengqing Jiang , Bhaskar Ramasubramanian , Luyao Niu , Bill Yuchen Lin , Xiang Yue , Radha Poovendran

Large Language Models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable performance on single-turn tasks, yet their effectiveness deteriorates in multi-turn conversations. We define this phenomenon as cumulative contextual decay - a progressive degradation…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-09 Wanyang Hong , Zhaoning Zhang , Yi Chen , Libo Zhang , Baihui Liu , Linbo Qiao , Zhiliang Tian , Dongsheng Li

Fine-tuning a language model often results in a degradation of its existing performance on other tasks, due to a shift in the model parameters; this phenomenon is often referred to as (catastrophic) forgetting. We are interested in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Parikshit Bansal , Sujay Sanghavi

Large language model (LLM) based agents have recently attracted much attention from the research and industry communities. Compared with original LLMs, LLM-based agents are featured in their self-evolving capability, which is the basis for…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-04-23 Zeyu Zhang , Xiaohe Bo , Chen Ma , Rui Li , Xu Chen , Quanyu Dai , Jieming Zhu , Zhenhua Dong , Ji-Rong Wen

Humans spend a remarkable fraction of waking life engaged in acts of "mental time travel". We dwell on our actions in the past and experience satisfaction or regret. More than merely autobiographical storytelling, we use these event…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-12-24 Chia-Chun Hung , Timothy Lillicrap , Josh Abramson , Yan Wu , Mehdi Mirza , Federico Carnevale , Arun Ahuja , Greg Wayne

Long-horizon LLM agents accumulate growing conversation histories that eventually exceed the model's context window. Context compaction via LLM-based summarization keeps the conversation bounded, but summarization is inherently lossy and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-25 Musa Cim , Burak Topcu , Chita Das , Mahmut Taylan Kandemir

Multi-agent systems based on large language models, particularly centralized architectures, have recently shown strong potential for complex and knowledge-intensive tasks. However, central agents often suffer from unstable long-horizon…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-12 Ruizhe Zhang , Xinke Jiang , Zhibang Yang , Zhixin Zhang , Jiaran Gao , Yuzhen Xiao , Hongbin Lai , Xu Chu , Junfeng Zhao , Yasha Wang

Human memory adapts through selective forgetting: experiences become less accessible over time but can be reactivated by reinforcement or contextual cues. In contrast, memory-augmented LLM agents rely on "always-on" retrieval and "flat"…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Ashish Rana , Chia-Chien Hung , Qumeng Sun , Julian Martin Kunkel , Carolin Lawrence

LLM agents lack persistent memory, causing conversations to reset each session and preventing personalization over time. We present Lyzr Cognis, a unified memory architecture for conversational AI agents that addresses this limitation…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-23 Parshva Daftari , Khush Patel , Shreyas Kapale , Jithin George , Siva Surendira

Self-learning paradigms in large-scale conversational AI agents tend to leverage user feedback in bridging between what they say and what they mean. However, such learning, particularly in Markov-based query rewriting systems have far from…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-05-03 Pragaash Ponnusamy , Clint Solomon Mathialagan , Gustavo Aguilar , Chengyuan Ma , Chenlei Guo

Modern language models are powerful, but typically static after deployment. A major obstacle to building models that continually learn over time is catastrophic forgetting, where updating on new data erases previously acquired capabilities.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-20 Jessy Lin , Luke Zettlemoyer , Gargi Ghosh , Wen-Tau Yih , Aram Markosyan , Vincent-Pierre Berges , Barlas Oğuz

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed in multi-turn dialogue settings, yet their behavior remains bottlenecked by naive history management strategies. Replaying the full conversation at every turn is simple but costly,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-29 Christopher Cruz

When LLM conversations grow beyond the context window, old content must be evicted -- but how does the model recover it when needed? We propose cooperative paging: evicted segments are replaced with minimal keyword bookmarks ([pN:keywords],…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Ziyang Liu

Large Language Reasoning Models have demonstrated remarkable success on static tasks, yet their application to multi-round agentic planning in interactive environments faces two fundamental challenges. First, the intractable credit…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Yutong Wang , Pengliang Ji , Kaixin Li , Baolong Bi , Tao Feng , Guillaume Sartoretti

There has recently been growing interest in conversational agents with long-term memory which has led to the rapid development of language models that use retrieval-augmented generation (RAG). Until recently, most work on RAG has focused on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-06 Nick Alonso , Tomás Figliolia , Anthony Ndirango , Beren Millidge

Large language models lack persistent, structured memory for long-term interaction and context-sensitive retrieval. Expanding context windows does not solve this: recent evidence shows that context length alone degrades reasoning by up to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-01 Diego C. Lerma-Torres

While agent evaluation has shifted toward long-horizon tasks, most benchmarks still emphasize local, step-level reasoning rather than the global constrained optimization (e.g., time and financial budgets) that demands genuine planning…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Yinger Zhang , Shutong Jiang , Renhao Li , Jianhong Tu , Yang Su , Lianghao Deng , Xudong Guo , Chenxu Lv , Junyang Lin

Decision Transformer-based decision-making agents have shown the ability to generalize across multiple tasks. However, their performance relies on massive data and computation. We argue that this inefficiency stems from the forgetting…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-30 Jikun Kang , Romain Laroche , Xingdi Yuan , Adam Trischler , Xue Liu , Jie Fu

Long-term memory is crucial for agents in specialized web environments, where success depends on recalling interface affordances, state dynamics, workflows, and recurring failure modes. However, existing memory benchmarks for agents mostly…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-13 Di Wu , Zixiang Ji , Asmi Kawatkar , Bryan Kwan , Jia-Chen Gu , Nanyun Peng , Kai-Wei Chang
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