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Infrared small target detection (ISTD) is highly sensitive to sensor type, observation conditions, and the intrinsic properties of the target. These factors can introduce substantial variations in the distribution of acquired infrared image…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-04-24 Yahao Lu , Yuehui Li , Xingyuan Guo , Shuai Yuan , Yukai Shi , Liang Lin

Infrared Small Target Detection (IRSTD) aims to segment small targets from infrared clutter background. Existing methods mainly focus on discriminative approaches, i.e., a pixel-level front-background binary segmentation. Since infrared…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-03-14 Haoqing Li , Jinfu Yang , Yifei Xu , Runshi Wang

As an essential vision task, infrared small target detection (IRSTD) has seen significant advancements through deep learning. However, critical limitations in current evaluation protocols impede further progress. First, existing methods…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-24 Youwei Pang , Xiaoqi Zhao , Lihe Zhang , Huchuan Lu , Georges El Fakhri , Xiaofeng Liu , Shijian Lu

Infrared Small Target Detection (IRSTD) faces significant challenges due to low signal-to-noise ratios, complex backgrounds, and the absence of discernible target features. While deep learning-based encoder-decoder frameworks have advanced…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-26 Xuelin Qian , Jiaming Lu , Zixuan Wang , Wenxuan Wang , Zhongling Huang , Dingwen Zhang , Junwei Han

Infrared small target detection (IRSTD) plays a pivotal role in a broad spectrum of mission-critical applications, including maritime surveillance, military search and rescue, early warning systems, and precision-guided strikes, all of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Yingming Zhang , Wuqi Su , Qing Xiao , Yonggang Yang

Infrared small target detection (IRSTD) aims to identify and distinguish small targets from complex backgrounds. Leveraging the powerful multi-scale feature fusion capability of the U-Net architecture, IRSTD has achieved significant…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-27 Yingmei Zhang , Wangtao Bao , Yong Yang , Weiguo Wan , Qin Xiao , Xueting Zou

\textcolor{blue}{This is the pre-acceptance version, to read the final version please go to \href{https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/11156113}{IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing on IEEE Xplore}.} Infrared small target…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-30 Guoyi Zhang , Guangsheng Xu , Siyang Chen , Han Wang , Xiaohu Zhang

Infrared small target detection (IRSTD) aims to separate small targets from clutter backgrounds. Extensive research is dedicated to the pixel-level supervision-guided "encoder-decoder" segmentation paradigm. Although having achieved…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-08 Rixiang Ni , Boyang Li , Jun Chen , Yonghao Li , Feiyu Ren , Yuji Wang , Haoyang Yuan , Wujiao He , Wei An

Infrared small target detection (ISTD) is challenging due to complex backgrounds, low signal-to-clutter ratios, and varying target sizes and shapes. Effective detection relies on capturing local contextual information at the appropriate…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-12-24 Guoyi Zhang , Guangsheng Xu , Han Wang , Siyang Chen , Yunxiao Shan , Xiaohu Zhang

Infrared small target detection (IRSTD) tasks are extremely challenging for two main reasons: 1) it is difficult to obtain accurate labelling information that is critical to existing methods, and 2) infrared (IR) small target information is…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-08-09 Jing Wu , Rixiang Ni , Feng Huang , Zhaobing Qiu , Liqiong Chen , Changhai Luo , Yunxiang Li , Youli Li

Infrared small target detection (IRSTD) has recently benefitted greatly from U-shaped neural models. However, largely overlooking effective global information modeling, existing techniques struggle when the target has high similarities with…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-05-01 Shuai Yuan , Hanlin Qin , Xiang Yan , Naveed AKhtar , Ajmal Mian

Infrared small target detection (IRSTD) is crucial for surveillance and early-warning, with deployments spanning both single-frame analysis and video-mode tracking. A practical solution should leverage vision foundation models (VFMs) to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Qian Xu , Xi Li , Fei Gao , Jie Guo , Haojuan Yuan , Shuaipeng Fan , Mingjin Zhang

The infrared small-dim target detection is one of the key techniques in the infrared search and tracking system. Since the local regions similar to infrared small-dim targets spread over the whole background, exploring the interaction…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-11-12 Fangcen Liu , Chenqiang Gao , Fang Chen , Deyu Meng , Wangmeng Zuo , Xinbo Gao

Infrared small target (IRST) detection is challenging in simultaneously achieving precise, robust, and efficient performance due to extremely dim targets and strong interference. Current learning-based methods attempt to leverage ``more"…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-30 Ruojing Li , Wei An , Yingqian Wang , Xinyi Ying , Yimian Dai , Longguang Wang , Miao Li , Yulan Guo , Li Liu

Infrared small target detection is a challenging task due to its unique characteristics (e.g., small, dim, shapeless and changeable). Recently published CNN-based methods have achieved promising performance with heavy feature extraction and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-31 Yongxian Liu , Boyang Li , Ting Liu , Zaiping Lin , Wei An

Moving infrared small target detection (IRSTD) plays a critical role in practical applications, such as surveillance of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and UAV-based search system. Moving IRSTD still remains highly challenging due to weak…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Houzhang Fang , Shukai Guo , Qiuhuan Chen , Yi Chang , Luxin Yan

Infrared small target detection(IRSTD) is widely recognized as a challenging task due to the inherent limitations of infrared imaging, including low signal-to-noise ratios, lack of texture details, and complex background interference. While…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-08-05 Yuxin Jing , Yuchen Zheng , Jufeng Zhao , Guangmang Cui , Tianpei Zhang

Optimization-based approaches dominate infrared small target detection as they leverage infrared imagery's intrinsic low-rankness and sparsity. While effective for single-frame images, they struggle with dynamic changes in multi-frame…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-12-24 Fengyi Wu , Simin Liu , Haoan Wang , Bingjie Tao , Junhai Luo , Zhenming Peng

Infrared small target detection (ISTD) is widely used in civilian and military applications. However, ISTD encounters several challenges, including the tendency for small and dim targets to be obscured by complex backgrounds. To address…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Chen Hu , Yian Huang , Kexuan Li , Luping Zhang , Chang Long , Yiming Zhu , Tian Pu , Zhenming Peng

Infrared small target detection plays an important role in the infrared search and tracking applications. In recent years, deep learning techniques were introduced to this task and achieved noteworthy effects. Following general object…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-07-15 Fang Chen , Chenqiang Gao , Fangcen Liu , Yue Zhao , Yuxi Zhou , Deyu Meng , Wangmeng Zuo
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