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Generalization abilities of well-trained large language models (LLMs) are known to scale predictably as a function of model size. In contrast to the existence of practical scaling laws governing pre-training, the quality of LLMs after…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-09 Zifei Xu , Alexander Lan , Wanzin Yazar , Tristan Webb , Sayeh Sharify , Xin Wang

Recently, scaling test-time compute on Large Language Models (LLM) has garnered wide attention. However, there has been limited investigation of how various reasoning prompting strategies perform as scaling. In this paper, we focus on a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-18 Yexiang Liu , Zekun Li , Zhi Fang , Nan Xu , Ran He , Tieniu Tan

While scaling laws guide compute allocation for LLM pre-training, analogous prescriptions for reinforcement learning (RL) post-training of large language models (LLMs) remain poorly understood. We study the compute-optimal allocation of…

Large reasoning models (LRMs) have exhibited the capacity of enhancing reasoning performance via internal test-time scaling. Building upon this, a promising direction is to further scale test-time compute to unlock even greater reasoning…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-10 Jian Wang , Boyan Zhu , Chak Tou Leong , Yongqi Li , Wenjie Li

Downstream scaling laws aim to predict task performance at larger scales from the model's performance at smaller scales. Whether such prediction should be possible is unclear: some works discover clear linear scaling trends after simple…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-10 Nicholas Lourie , Michael Y. Hu , Kyunghyun Cho

The remarkable success of large language pretraining and the discovery of scaling laws signify a paradigm shift in machine learning. Notably, the primary objective has evolved from minimizing generalization error to reducing approximation…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-17 Lechao Xiao

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable progress in complex reasoning tasks through both post-training and test-time scaling laws. While prevalent test-time scaling approaches are often realized by using external reward…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-31 Fuxiang Zhang , Jiacheng Xu , Chaojie Wang , Ce Cui , Yang Liu , Bo An

We introduce compression laws for language language models (LLMs). While recent scaling laws have sought to understand how LLMs scale with respect to model size, pre-training data, and computational resources, we focus on understanding how…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-08 Ayan Sengupta , Siddhant Chaudhary , Tanmoy Chakraborty

Code large language models (Code LLMs) are powerful but costly to train, with scaling laws predicting performance from model size, data, and compute. However, different programming languages (PLs) have varying impacts during pre-training…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-16 Jian Yang , Shawn Guo , Lin Jing , Wei Zhang , Aishan Liu , Chuan Hao , Zhoujun Li , Wayne Xin Zhao , Xianglong Liu , Weifeng Lv , Bryan Dai

Test-time compute scaling, the practice of spending extra computation during inference via repeated sampling, search, or extended reasoning, has become a powerful lever for improving large language model performance. Yet deploying these…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-17 Zhiyuan Zhai , Bingcong Li , Bingnan Xiao , Ming Li , Xin Wang

Test-time scaling (TTS) has been shown to improve the performance of large language models (LLMs) by sampling and aggregating diverse reasoning paths. However, existing research has overlooked a critical issue: selection bias of reasoning…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-24 Zongqian Wu , Baoduo Xu , Tianyu Li , Zhu Sun , Xiaofeng Zhu , Lei Feng

Test-Time Scaling (TTS) is a promising approach to progressively elicit the model's intelligence during inference. Recently, training-based TTS methods, such as continued reinforcement learning (RL), have further surged in popularity, while…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-10 Kaiyan Chang , Yonghao Shi , Chenglong Wang , Hang Zhou , Chi Hu , Xiaoqian Liu , Yingfeng Luo , Yuan Ge , Tong Xiao , Jingbo Zhu

Test-Time Scaling (TTS) has proven effective in improving the performance of Large Language Models (LLMs) during inference. However, existing research has overlooked the efficiency of TTS from a latency-sensitive perspective. Through a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-15 Zili Wang , Tianyu Zhang , Haoli Bai , Lu Hou , Xianzhi Yu , Wulong Liu , Shiming Xiang , Lei Zhu

It is commonly believed that scaling language models should commit a significant space or time cost, by increasing the parameters (parameter scaling) or output tokens (inference-time scaling). We introduce the third and more…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-16 Mouxiang Chen , Binyuan Hui , Zeyu Cui , Jiaxi Yang , Dayiheng Liu , Jianling Sun , Junyang Lin , Zhongxin Liu

Human reasoning is shaped by resource rationality -- optimizing performance under constraints. Recently, inference-time scaling has emerged as a powerful paradigm to improve the reasoning performance of Large Language Models by expanding…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-12 Zhimin Hu , Riya Roshan , Sashank Varma

This paper derives "scaling laws"--empirical relationships between the training compute of Large Language Models (LLMs) and their performance--for economic outcomes. In a preregistered online experiment, 300 professional translators…

General Economics · Economics 2024-12-10 Ali Merali

While Large Language Models (LLMs) have exhibited remarkable emergent capabilities through extensive pre-training, they still face critical limitations in generalizing to specialized domains and handling diverse linguistic variations, known…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-28 Jinwu Hu , Zhitian Zhang , Guohao Chen , Xutao Wen , Chao Shuai , Wei Luo , Bin Xiao , Yuanqing Li , Mingkui Tan

Pruning eliminates unnecessary parameters in neural networks; it offers a promising solution to the growing computational demands of large language models (LLMs). While many focus on post-training pruning, sparse pre-training--which…

Scale has become a main ingredient in obtaining strong machine learning models. As a result, understanding a model's scaling properties is key to effectively designing both the right training setup as well as future generations of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-18 Alexander Hägele , Elie Bakouch , Atli Kosson , Loubna Ben Allal , Leandro Von Werra , Martin Jaggi

Generative retrieval reformulates retrieval as an autoregressive generation task, where large language models (LLMs) generate target documents directly from a query. As a novel paradigm, the mechanisms that underpin its performance and…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-06-10 Hongru Cai , Yongqi Li , Ruifeng Yuan , Wenjie Wang , Zhen Zhang , Wenjie Li , Tat-Seng Chua