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While scaling laws for large language models (LLMs) during pre-training have been extensively studied, their behavior under reinforcement learning (RL) post-training remains largely unexplored. This paper presents a systematic empirical…

Inference-time scaling has emerged as a powerful way to improve large language model (LLM) performance by generating multiple candidate responses and selecting among them. However, existing work on dynamic allocation for test-time compute…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-15 Jenny Y. Huang , Mehul Damani , Yousef El-Kurdi , Ramon Astudillo , Wei Sun

Inspired by the success of language models (LM), scaling up deep learning recommendation systems (DLRS) has become a recent trend in the community. All previous methods tend to scale up the model parameters during training time. However,…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-12-09 Fuyuan Lyu , Zhentai Chen , Jingyan Jiang , Lingjie Li , Xing Tang , Xiuqiang He , Xue Liu

Low precision training and inference affect both the quality and cost of language models, but current scaling laws do not account for this. In this work, we devise "precision-aware" scaling laws for both training and inference. We propose…

As enthusiasm for scaling computation (data and parameters) in the pretraining era gradually diminished, test-time scaling (TTS), also referred to as ``test-time computing'' has emerged as a prominent research focus. Recent studies…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-06 Qiyuan Zhang , Fuyuan Lyu , Zexu Sun , Lei Wang , Weixu Zhang , Wenyue Hua , Haolun Wu , Zhihan Guo , Yufei Wang , Niklas Muennighoff , Irwin King , Xue Liu , Chen Ma

Scaling laws provide important insights that can guide the design of large language models (LLMs). Existing work has primarily focused on studying scaling laws for pretraining (upstream) loss. However, in transfer learning settings, in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-30 Berivan Isik , Natalia Ponomareva , Hussein Hazimeh , Dimitris Paparas , Sergei Vassilvitskii , Sanmi Koyejo

Recent advances in Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable performance in Contextual Question Answering (CQA). However, prior approaches typically employ elaborate reasoning strategies regardless of question complexity,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-05 Zhengyi Zhao , Shubo Zhang , Zezhong Wang , Huimin Wang , Yutian Zhao , Bin Liang , Yefeng Zheng , Binyang Li , Kam-Fai Wong , Xian Wu

While scaling laws for Large Language Models (LLMs) traditionally focus on proxy metrics like pretraining loss, predicting downstream task performance has been considered unreliable. This paper challenges that view by proposing a direct…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-10 Jakub Krajewski , Amitis Shidani , Dan Busbridge , Sam Wiseman , Jason Ramapuram

With this paper, we survey techniques for improving the predictive accuracy of pretrained large language models by allocating additional compute at inference time. In categorizing test-time scaling methods, we place special emphasis on how…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-20 Zhuoyi Yang , Xu Guo , Tong Zhang , Huijuan Xu , Boyang Li

We examine the reasoning and planning capabilities of large language models (LLMs) in solving complex tasks. Recent advances in inference-time techniques demonstrate the potential to enhance LLM reasoning without additional training by…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-02-19 Shubham Parashar , Blake Olson , Sambhav Khurana , Eric Li , Hongyi Ling , James Caverlee , Shuiwang Ji

Pruning has become a widely adopted technique for reducing the hardware requirements of large language models (LLMs). To recover model performance after pruning, post-training is commonly employed to mitigate the resulting performance…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Xiaodong Chen , Yuxuan Hu , Xiaokang Zhang , Yanling Wang , Cuiping Li , Hong Chen , Jing Zhang

Scaling test-time compute has emerged as a powerful mechanism for enhancing Large Language Model (LLM) performance. However, standard post-training paradigms, Supervised Fine-Tuning (SFT) and Reinforcement Learning (RL), optimize the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-21 Adam Ousherovitch , Ambuj Tewari

Scaling LLMs requires tremendous computational resources, and recent advances in AI have gone hand in hand with massive amounts of capital expenditure. While it is established that scaling up LLMs reliably increases model quality…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Sophie Hao , William Merrill

A primary cost driver for training large models is wall-clock training time. We show that popular time estimates based on FLOPs are poor estimates, and construct a more accurate proxy based on memory copies. This allows us to accurately…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-25 Itay Inbar , Luke Sernau

Test-time scaling has emerged as a powerful technique for enhancing the reasoning capabilities of large language models. However, its effectiveness in medical reasoning remains uncertain, as the medical domain fundamentally differs from…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-19 Xiaoke Huang , Juncheng Wu , Hui Liu , Xianfeng Tang , Yuyin Zhou

As we scale to more massive machine learning models, the frequent synchronization demands inherent in data-parallel approaches create significant slowdowns, posing a critical challenge to further scaling. Recent work develops an approach…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-14 Zachary Charles , Gabriel Teston , Lucio Dery , Keith Rush , Nova Fallen , Zachary Garrett , Arthur Szlam , Arthur Douillard

Scaling laws predict the loss of a target machine learning model by extrapolating from easier-to-train models with fewer parameters or smaller training sets. This provides an efficient way for practitioners and researchers alike to compare…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-04 Leshem Choshen , Yang Zhang , Jacob Andreas

This paper presents a simple, effective, and cost-efficient strategy to improve LLM performance by scaling test-time compute. Our strategy builds upon the repeated-sampling-then-voting framework, with a novel twist: incorporating multiple…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Jianhao Chen , Zishuo Xun , Bocheng Zhou , Han Qi , Hangfan Zhang , Qiaosheng Zhang , Yang Chen , Wei Hu , Yuzhong Qu , Wanli Ouyang , Shuyue Hu

We develop task scaling laws and model ladders to predict the individual task performance of pretrained language models (LMs) in the overtrained setting. Standard power laws for language modeling loss cannot accurately model task…

Code Large Language Models (LLMs) are revolutionizing software engineering. However, scaling laws that guide the efficient training are predominantly analyzed on Natural Language (NL). Given the fundamental differences like strict syntax…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Xianzhen Luo , Wenzhen Zheng , Qingfu Zhu , Rongyi Zhang , Houyi Li , Siming Huang , YuanTao Fan , Wanxiang Che