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In ordinary quantum field theory, one can define the algebra of observables in a given region in spacetime, but in the presence of gravity, it is expected that this notion ceases to be well-defined. A substitute that appears to make sense…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2023-04-28 Edward Witten

Quantum gravity remains an elusive theory, in spite of our thorough understanding of the quantum theory and the general theory of relativity separately, presumably due to the lack of any observational clues. We argue that the theory of…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2015-08-11 C. S. Unnikrishnan , George T. Gillies

We formulate semi-classical field theory as an approximate decoherence-free-subspace of a finite-dimensional quantum-gravity hilbert space. A complementarity construction can be realized as a unitary transformation which changes the…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2014-05-09 Jaime Varela

A non-associative algebra of observables cannot be represented as operators on a Hilbert space, but it may appear in certain physical situations. This article employs algebraic methods in order to derive uncertainty relations and…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2015-03-31 Martin Bojowald , Suddhasattwa Brahma , Umut Buyukcam , Thomas Strobl

We discuss the distinction between the notion of partial observable and the notion of complete observable. Mixing up the two is frequently a source of confusion. The distinction bears on several issues related to observability, such as (i)…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2008-11-26 Carlo Rovelli

The Hamiltonian of classical anti-de Sitter gravity is a pure boundary term on-shell. If this remains true in non-perturbative quantum gravity then i) boundary observables will evolve unitarily in time and ii) the algebra of boundary…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2009-02-18 Donald Marolf

In the previous article a new combinatorial and thus purely algebraical approach to quantum gravity, called Algebraic Quantum Gravity (AQG), was introduced. In the framework of AQG existing semiclassical tools can be applied to operators…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2008-11-26 K. Giesel , T. Thiemann

We study the process of observation (measurement), within the framework of a `perspectival' (`relational', `relative state') version of the modal interpretation of quantum mechanics. We show that if we assume certain features of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Gyula Bene , Dennis Dieks

We review aspects of loop quantum gravity in a pedagogical manner, with the aim of enabling a precise but critical assessment of its achievements so far. We emphasise that the off-shell (`strong') closure of the constraint algebra is a…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2009-11-11 Hermann Nicolai , Kasper Peeters , Marija Zamaklar

In this paper we present a radically new approach to design state observers for nonlinear systems, with particular emphasis on physical ones. Our objective is to obtain an algebraic relation between the unmeasurable part of the state and…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-04-28 Alexey Bobtsov , Jose Guadalupe Romero , Romeo Ortega , Anton Pyrkin

We introduce a functional covariant differential as a tool for studying field space geometry in a manifestly covariant way. We then touch upon its role in gauge theories and general relativity over bounded regions, and in BRST symmetry. Due…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2017-06-26 Henrique Gomes , Aldo Riello

The evolution of quantum states influenced by semiclassical gravity is distinct from that in quantum gravity theory due to the presence of a state-dependent gravitational potential. This state-dependent potential introduces nonlinearity…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-03-14 Yubao Liu , Wenjie Zhong , Yanbei Chen , Yiqiu Ma

Important characteristics of the loop approach to quantum gravity are a specific choice of the algebra A of observables and of a representation of A on a measure space over the space of generalized connections. This representation is…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2011-01-27 Hanno Sahlmann

We give a review of recent work aimed at understanding the dynamics of gravitational collapse in quantum gravity. Its goal is to provide a non-perturbative computational framework for understanding the emergence of the semi-classical…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2008-01-09 Viqar Husain

One of the main technical obstacles in constructing a consistent theory of quantum gravity is that the metric itself defines the causal structure required for quantization. This motivates implementing quantum aspects of gravity through an…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2025-12-16 Johas Morales , Yuri Bonder

We establish the linear instability of the semiclassical Einstein-Klein-Gordon system linearised about the Minkowski vacuum spacetime. The proof relies on formulating a forcing problem for both metric and state perturbations within the…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2026-04-02 Stefano Galanda , Paolo Meda , Simone Murro , Nicola Pinamonti , Gabriel Schmid

The central principle of affine quantum gravity is securing and maintaining the strict positivity of the matrix $\{\hg_{ab}(x)\}$ composed of the spatial components of the local metric operator. On spectral grounds, canonical commutation…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2009-11-07 John R. Klauder

What can be measured by an observer in our universe? We address this question by constructing an algebra of gravitationally-dressed observables accessible to a comoving observer in FLRW spacetimes that are asymptotically de Sitter in the…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2024-07-01 Jonah Kudler-Flam , Samuel Leutheusser , Gautam Satishchandran

We start by surveying the history of the idea of a fundamental conservation law and briefly examine the role conservation laws play in different classical contexts. In such contexts we find conservation laws to be useful, but often not…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2019-11-13 Tim Maudlin , Elias Okon , Daniel Sudarsky

We study the semiclassical Einstein field equations with a Klein-Gordon field in ultrastatic and static spacetimes. In both cases, the equations for the spacetime metric become constraint equations. In the ultrastatic case, the Hadamard…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2021-11-01 Benito A. Juárez-Aubry