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Preference optimization techniques, such as Direct Preference Optimization (DPO), are frequently employed to enhance the reasoning capabilities of large language models (LLMs) in domains like mathematical reasoning and coding, typically…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-17 Fangkai Jiao , Geyang Guo , Xingxing Zhang , Nancy F. Chen , Shafiq Joty , Furu Wei

The remarkable performance of Large Language Models (LLMs) highly relies on crafted prompts. However, manual prompt engineering is a laborious process, creating a core bottleneck for practical application of LLMs. This phenomenon has led to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-21 Qing Zhang , Bing Xu , Xudong Zhang , Yifan Shi , Yang Li , Chen Zhang , Yik Chung Wu , Ngai Wong , Yijie Chen , Hong Dai , Xiansen Chen , Mian Zhang

Code Large Language Models (Code LLMs) have demonstrated outstanding performance in code-related tasks. Several instruction tuning approaches have been proposed to boost the code generation performance of pre-trained Code LLMs. In this…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-15 Yejie Wang , Keqing He , Guanting Dong , Pei Wang , Weihao Zeng , Muxi Diao , Yutao Mou , Mengdi Zhang , Jingang Wang , Xunliang Cai , Weiran Xu

Generating high-quality code that solves complex programming tasks is challenging, especially with current decoder-based models that produce highly stochastic outputs. In code generation, even minor errors can easily break the entire…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-15 Nikita Sorokin , Ivan Sedykh , Valentin Malykh

Self-correction of large language models (LLMs) emerges as a critical component for enhancing their reasoning performance. Although various self-correction methods have been proposed, a comprehensive evaluation of these methods remains…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-23 Guiyao Tie , Zenghui Yuan , Zeli Zhao , Chaoran Hu , Tianhe Gu , Ruihang Zhang , Sizhe Zhang , Junran Wu , Xiaoyue Tu , Ming Jin , Qingsong Wen , Lixing Chen , Pan Zhou , Lichao Sun

Recent breakthroughs in Large Language Models (LLMs), such as GPT-3 and Codex, now enable software developers to generate code based on a natural language prompt. Within computer science education, researchers are exploring the potential…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2022-12-13 Stephen MacNeil , Andrew Tran , Juho Leinonen , Paul Denny , Joanne Kim , Arto Hellas , Seth Bernstein , Sami Sarsa

Publicly available source-code libraries are continuously growing and changing. This makes it impossible for models of code to keep current with all available APIs by simply training these models on existing code repositories. Thus,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-02-21 Shuyan Zhou , Uri Alon , Frank F. Xu , Zhiruo Wang , Zhengbao Jiang , Graham Neubig

A popular approach for improving the correctness of output from large language models (LLMs) is Self-Consistency - poll the LLM multiple times and output the most frequent solution. Existing Self-Consistency techniques always generate a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-17 Pranjal Aggarwal , Aman Madaan , Yiming Yang , Mausam

Large language models (LLMs) have achieved great success across diverse tasks, and fine-tuning is sometimes needed to further enhance generation quality. Most existing methods rely on human supervision or parameter retraining, both of which…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Zhen-Yu Zhang , Jiandong Zhang , Huaxiu Yao , Gang Niu , Masashi Sugiyama

The in-context learning ability of large language models (LLMs) enables them to generalize to novel downstream tasks with relatively few labeled examples. However, they require enormous computational resources to be deployed. Alternatively,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-01-09 Jean Kaddour , Qi Liu

As large language models (LLMs) see greater use in academic and commercial settings, there is increasing interest in methods that allow language models to generate texts aligned with human preferences. In this paper, we present an initial…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-07 Victoria Lin , Eli Ben-Michael , Louis-Philippe Morency

Program synthesis or code generation aims to generate a program that satisfies a problem specification. Recent approaches using large-scale pretrained language models (LMs) have shown promising results, yet they have some critical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-11-04 Hung Le , Yue Wang , Akhilesh Deepak Gotmare , Silvio Savarese , Steven C. H. Hoi

Reinforcement learning has significantly enhanced the reasoning capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs) in complex problem-solving tasks. Recently, the introduction of DeepSeek R1 has inspired a surge of interest in leveraging…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-07 Jinghang Han , Jiawei Chen , Hang Shao , Hao Ma , Mingcheng Li , Xintian Shen , Lihao Zheng , Wei Chen , Tao Wei , Lihua Zhang

Pre-trained on massive amounts of code and text data, large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable achievements in performing code generation tasks. With additional execution-based feedback, these models can act as agents with…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-14 Jierui Li , Hung Le , Yingbo Zhou , Caiming Xiong , Silvio Savarese , Doyen Sahoo

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly trained with reinforcement learning from verifiable rewards (RLVR), yet real-world deployment demands models that can self-improve without labels or external judges. Existing self-improvement…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-19 Yujun Zhou , Zhenwen Liang , Haolin Liu , Wenhao Yu , Kishan Panaganti , Linfeng Song , Dian Yu , Xiangliang Zhang , Haitao Mi , Dong Yu

Self-alignment, whereby models learn to improve themselves without human annotation, is a rapidly growing research area. However, existing techniques often fail to improve complex reasoning tasks due to the difficulty of assigning correct…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-08 Archiki Prasad , Weizhe Yuan , Richard Yuanzhe Pang , Jing Xu , Maryam Fazel-Zarandi , Mohit Bansal , Sainbayar Sukhbaatar , Jason Weston , Jane Yu

Large Language Models (LLMs) have emerged as a groundbreaking technology with their unparalleled text generation capabilities across various applications. Nevertheless, concerns persist regarding the accuracy and appropriateness of their…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-15 Jie Huang , Xinyun Chen , Swaroop Mishra , Huaixiu Steven Zheng , Adams Wei Yu , Xinying Song , Denny Zhou

Although LLMs have achieved significant success, their reliance on large volumes of human-annotated data has limited their potential for further scaling. In this situation, utilizing self-generated synthetic data has become crucial for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Haoyan Yang , Khiem Le , Ting Hua , Shangqian Gao , Binfeng Xu , Zheng Tang , Jie Xu , Nitesh V. Chawla , Hongxia Jin , Vijay Srinivasan

Large language models (LLMs) have shown impressive performance on downstream tasks by in-context learning (ICL), which heavily relies on the quality of demonstrations selected from a large set of annotated examples. Recent works claim that…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-25 Hongfu Gao , Feipeng Zhang , Wenyu Jiang , Jun Shu , Feng Zheng , Hongxin Wei

Current techniques for post-training Large Language Models (LLMs) rely either on costly human supervision or on external verifiers to boost performance on tasks such as mathematical reasoning and code generation. However, as LLMs improve…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Mukesh Ghimire , Aosong Feng , Liwen You , Youzhi Luo , Fang Liu , Xuan Zhu