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The description of chemical processes at the molecular level is often facilitated by use of reaction coordinates, or collective variables (CVs). The CV measures the progress of the reaction and allows the construction of profiles that track…

Chemical Physics · Physics 2023-04-26 Johannes C. B. Dietschreit , Dennis J. Diestler , Rafael Gómez-Bombarelli

Understanding the long-time dynamics of complex physical processes depends on our ability to recognize patterns. To simplify the description of these processes, we often introduce a set of reaction coordinates, customarily referred to as…

Chemical Physics · Physics 2024-12-31 Tuğçe Gökdemir , Jakub Rydzewski

Enhanced sampling methods typically require predefined collective variables (CVs) that presuppose knowledge of reaction coordinates, restricting the discovery of unanticipated transition mechanisms or intermediates. Here, we show that a…

Chemical Physics · Physics 2026-04-08 Xiangrui Li , Daniel Schwalbe-Koda

On the time scales accessible to atomistic numerical modelling, chemical reactions are considered rare events. Atomistic simulations are typically biased along a low-dimensional representation of a chemical reaction in an atomic structure…

Chemical Physics · Physics 2022-03-16 Martin Šípka , Andreas Erlebach , Lukáš Grajciar

Enhanced sampling techniques such as umbrella sampling and metadynamics are now routinely used to provide information on how the thermodynamic potential, or free energy, depends on a small number of collective variables. The free energy…

Computational Physics · Physics 2018-08-31 Ilaria Gimondi , Gareth A. Tribello , Matteo Salvalaglio

Crystallization is one of the most important physicochemical processes which has relevance in material science, biology, and the environment. Decades of experimental and theoretical efforts have been made to understand this fundamental…

Soft Condensed Matter · Physics 2022-09-29 Neha , Vikas Tiwari , Soumya Mondal , Nisha Kumari , Tarak Karmakar

Chemical reactions involve the movement of charges, and this work presents a mathematical model for describing chemical reactions in electrolytes. The model is developed using an energy variational method that aligns with classical…

Chemical Physics · Physics 2023-11-02 Shixin Xu , Robert Eisenberg , Zilong Song , Huaxiong Huang

Collective variables (CVs) are low-dimensional projections of high-dimensional system states. They are used to gain insights into complex emergent dynamical behaviors of processes on networks. The relation between CVs and network measures…

Physics and Society · Physics 2026-03-19 Marvin Lücke , Stefanie Winkelmann , Jobst Heitzig , Nora Molkenthin , Péter Koltai

Molecular dynamics is crucial for understanding molecular systems but its applicability is often limited by the vast timescales of rare events like protein folding. Enhanced sampling techniques overcome this by accelerating the simulation…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Seonghyun Park , Kiyoung Seong , Soojung Yang , Rafael Gómez-Bombarelli , Sungsoo Ahn

Enhanced sampling simulations make the computational study of rare events feasible. A large family of such methods crucially depends on the definition of some collective variables (CVs) that could provide a low-dimensional representation of…

Computational Physics · Physics 2026-03-03 Jintu Zhang , Luigi Bonati , Enrico Trizio , Odin Zhang , Yu Kang , TingJun Hou , Michele Parrinello

An accurate description of nonadiabatic dynamics of molecular species on metallic surfaces poses a serious computational challenge associated with a multitude of closely-spaced electronic states. We propose a mixed quantum-classical scheme…

Chemical Physics · Physics 2017-01-10 Ilya G. Ryabinkin , Artur F. Izmaylov

Extending spatio-temporal scale limitations of models for complex atomistic systems considered in biochemistry and materials science necessitates the development of enhanced sampling methods. The potential acceleration in exploring the…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2019-01-18 Markus Schöberl , Nicholas Zabaras , Phaedon-Stelios Koutsourelakis

Crystallization, a fundamental phase transition process governing material formation in natural and industrial contexts, involves the spontaneous emergence of long-range structural order from disordered phases. This long-range periodicity…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2025-10-13 YaoKun Lei , MaoDong Li , Yi Isaac Yang

Understanding kinetics and thermodynamics profile of biomolecules is necessary to understand their functional roles which has a major impact in mechanism driven drug discovery. Molecular dynamics simulation has been routinely used to…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2021-12-07 Soumendranath Bhakat

Generating a data set that is representative of the accessible configuration space of a molecular system is crucial for the robustness of machine learned interatomic potentials (MLIP). However, the complexity of molecular systems,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-28 Aik Rui Tan , Johannes C. B. Dietschreit , Rafael Gomez-Bombarelli

Rare event sampling is a central problem in modern computational chemistry research. Among the existing methods, transition path sampling (TPS) can generate unbiased representations of reaction processes. However, its efficiency depends on…

Computational Physics · Physics 2024-04-04 Jintu Zhang , Odin Zhang , Luigi Bonati , TingJun Hou

High-dimensional metastable molecular system can often be characterised by a few features of the system, i.e. collective variables (CVs). Thanks to the rapid advance in the area of machine learning and deep learning, various deep…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-08-10 Wei Zhang , Christof Schütte

Chemical reactions can be described as the stepwise redistribution of electrons in molecules. As such, reactions are often depicted using `arrow-pushing' diagrams which show this movement as a sequence of arrows. We propose an electron path…

A variety of enhanced sampling methods predict multidimensional free energy landscapes associated with biological and other molecular processes as a function of a few selected collective variables (CVs). The accuracy of these methods is…

Computational Physics · Physics 2024-04-09 Lukas Müllender , Andrea Rizzi , Michele Parrinello , Paolo Carloni , Davide Mandelli

Collective variables (CVs) play a crucial role in capturing rare events in high-dimensional systems, motivating the continual search for principled approaches to their design. In this work, we revisit the framework of quantitative coarse…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2025-06-06 Shashank Sule , Arnav Mehta , Maria K. Cameron
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