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Large Language Models (LLMs) execute complex multi-turn interaction protocols but lack formal specifications to verify execution against designer intent. We introduce FASTRIC, a Prompt Specification Language that makes implicit Finite State…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-23 Wen-Long Jin

Neglecting non-functional requirements (NFRs) early in software development can lead to critical challenges. Despite their importance, NFRs are often overlooked or difficult to identify, impacting software quality. To support requirements…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-03-20 Jomar Thomas Almonte , Santhosh Anitha Boominathan , Nathalia Nascimento

Large Language Models (LLMs) are the cornerstone in automating Requirements Engineering (RE) tasks, underpinning recent advancements in the field. Their pre-trained comprehension of natural language is pivotal for effectively tailoring them…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-05-16 Andreas Vogelsang , Jannik Fischbach

Requirements Engineering (RE) is a critical phase in software development including the elicitation, analysis, specification, and validation of software requirements. Despite the importance of RE, it remains a challenging process due to the…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-11-02 Chetan Arora , John Grundy , Mohamed Abdelrazek

Automated testing plays a crucial role in ensuring software security. It heavily relies on formal specifications to validate the correctness of the system behavior. However, the main approach to defining these formal specifications is…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-04-03 Hui Li , Zhen Dong , Siao Wang , Hui Zhang , Liwei Shen , Xin Peng , Dongdong She

In today's industrial practice, safety, reliability or availability artifacts such as fault trees, Markov models or FMEAs are mainly created manually by experts, often distinctively decoupled from systems engineering activities. Significant…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-06-04 Christof Kaukewitsch , Henrik Papist , Marc Zeller , Martin Rothfelder

Even if model-driven techniques have been enabled the centrality of the models in automated development processes, the majority of the industrial settings does not embrace such a paradigm due to the procedural complexity of managing model…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-10-10 Maria Stella de Biase , Stefano Marrone , Angelo Palladino

Precise test oracles for reactive systems such as critical control systems and communication protocols can be modelled with deterministic finite state machines (FSMs). Among other roles, they serve in evaluating the correctness of systems…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-04-05 Omer Nguena Timo

Large Language Models (LLMs) with chain-of-thought (COT) prompting have demonstrated impressive abilities on simple nature language inference tasks. However, they tend to perform poorly on Multi-hop Question Answering (MHQA) tasks due to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-04 Xiaochen Wang , Junqing He , Zhe yang , Yiru Wang , Xiangdi Meng , Kunhao Pan , Zhifang Sui

LLMs have demonstrated great capabilities in various NLP tasks. Different entities can further improve the performance of those LLMs on their specific downstream tasks by fine-tuning LLMs. When several entities have similar interested…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-09-04 Weirui Kuang , Bingchen Qian , Zitao Li , Daoyuan Chen , Dawei Gao , Xuchen Pan , Yuexiang Xie , Yaliang Li , Bolin Ding , Jingren Zhou

Behavior Driven Development (NORTH, 2006) is a specification technique that is growing in acceptance in the Agile methods communities. BDD allows to securely verify that all functional requirements were treated properly by source code, by…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2010-05-28 Rogerio Atem de Carvalho , Rodrigo Soares Manhães , Fernando Luis de Carvalho e Silva

Linear Finite State Machines (LFSMs) are particular primitives widely used in information theory, coding theory and cryptography. Among those linear automata, a particular case of study is Linear Feedback Shift Registers (LFSRs) used in…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2015-03-17 François Arnault , Thierry Berger , Marine Minier , Benjamin Pousse

Mechanism design has long been a cornerstone of economic theory, with traditional approaches relying on mathematical derivations. Recently, automated approaches, including differentiable economics with neural networks, have emerged for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-19 Jiayuan Liu , Mingyu Guo , Vincent Conitzer

Among the wide variety of evolutionary computing models, Finite State Machines (FSMs) have several attractions for fundamental research. They are easy to understand in concept and can be visualised clearly in simple cases. They have a ready…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2023-10-23 Gabor Zoltai , Yue Xie , Frank Neumann

Successful software projects depend on the quality of software requirements. Creating high-quality requirements is a crucial step toward successful software development. Effective support in this area can significantly reduce development…

With the rapid advancement of large language models (LLMs) in code generation, their applications in hardware design are receiving growing attention. However, existing LLMs face several challenges when generating Verilog code for finite…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-12-15 Qiuming Luo , Yanming Lei , Kunzhong Wu , Yixuan Cao , Chengjian Liu

The development of architecture specifications is an initial and fundamental stage of the integrated circuit (IC) design process. Traditionally, architecture specifications are crafted by experienced chip architects, a process that is not…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2024-01-25 Mengming Li , Wenji Fang , Qijun Zhang , Zhiyao Xie

Synchronous programs are used extensively in implementation of safety critical embedded software. Imperative synchronous programming languages model multiple Finite State Machines (FSMs) executing in lockstep at logical clock ticks. The…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2025-08-05 Avinash Malik

As IC design grows more complex, automating comprehension and documentation of RTL code has become increasingly important. Engineers currently should manually interpret existing RTL code and write specifications, a slow and error-prone…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Hung-Ming Huang , Yu-Hsin Yang , Fu-Chieh Chang , Yun-Chia Hsu , Yin-Yu Lin , Ming-Fang Tsai , Chun-Chih Yang , Pei-Yuan Wu

In this paper we present the first investigation into the effectiveness of Large Language Models (LLMs) for Failure Mode Classification (FMC). FMC, the task of automatically labelling an observation with a corresponding failure mode code,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-09-18 Michael Stewart , Melinda Hodkiewicz , Sirui Li