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We introduce Ragas (Retrieval Augmented Generation Assessment), a framework for reference-free evaluation of Retrieval Augmented Generation (RAG) pipelines. RAG systems are composed of a retrieval and an LLM based generation module, and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-29 Shahul Es , Jithin James , Luis Espinosa-Anke , Steven Schockaert

As automated driving technology advances, the role of the driver to resume control of the vehicle in conditionally automated vehicles becomes increasingly critical. In the SAE Level 3 or partly automated vehicles, the driver needs to be…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-01-23 Mostafa Kazemi , Mahdi Rezaei , Mohsen Azarmi

As the range of applications for Large Language Models (LLMs) continues to grow, the demand for effective serving solutions becomes increasingly critical. Despite the versatility of LLMs, no single model can optimally address all tasks and…

Modern 5G/6G radio access networks are increasingly programmable through O-RAN, yet their operational complexity has grown with disaggregation, open interfaces, and fine-grained control parameters. While RAN-side analytics and telemetry…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Tuan V. Ngo , Mao V. Ngo , Binbin Chen , Tony Q. S. Quek , Tejaswita Kumari , Maziar Nekovee

Assurance cases allow verifying the correct implementation of certain non-functional requirements of mission-critical systems, including their safety, security, and reliability. They can be used in the specification of autonomous driving,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-11-05 Gerhard Yu , Mithila Sivakumar , Alvine B. Belle , Soude Ghari , Song Wang , Timothy C. Lethbridge

We read twelve well-known LLM agent benchmark papers and recorded, dimension by dimension, what each paper actually says about how its evaluation was run. The motivation came from a familiar frustration: two papers will report results on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-21 Mahdi Naser Moghadasi , Faezeh Ghaderi

We introduce a comprehensive validation framework for LLM-based agentic systems that provides systematic diagnosis and improvement of reliability failures. The framework includes fifteen failure-detection tools and two root-cause analysis…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-01 Hadar Mulian , Sergey Zeltyn , Ido Levy , Liane Galanti , Avi Yaeli , Segev Shlomov

The transition toward localized intelligence through Small Language Models (SLMs) has intensified the need for rigorous performance characterization on resource-constrained edge hardware. However, objectively measuring the theoretical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-16 Zhen Bi , Xueshu Chen , Luoyang Sun , Yuhang Yao , Qing Shen , Jungang Lou , Cheng Deng

Security in cloud computing has become a major concern due to several factors such as layered cloud architectures, dynamic environments, and exposure to unseen or zero-day attacks. Moreover, intrusion detection systems (IDS) typically…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-18 Syed Waqas Ali , Ibrar Ali Shah , Farzana Zahid , Daniyal Munir , Hans D. Schotten

This paper presents an LLM-driven, end-to-end workflow that addresses the lack of automation and intelligence in power system transient stability assessment (TSA). The proposed agentic framework integrates large language models (LLMs) with…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-02-05 Lianzhe Hu , Yu Wang , Bikash Pal

AI agents have been developed for complex real-world tasks from coding to customer service. But AI agent evaluations suffer from many challenges that undermine our understanding of how well agents really work. We introduce the Holistic…

Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) on specialized domain datasets has shown improved performance when large language models (LLMs) are fine-tuned for generating responses to user queries. In this study, we develop a cybersecurity…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-05 Varun Badrinath Krishna

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) is a powerful approach that enables large language models (LLMs) to incorporate external knowledge. However, evaluating the effectiveness of RAG systems in specialized scenarios remains challenging due…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-05 Kunlun Zhu , Yifan Luo , Dingling Xu , Yukun Yan , Zhenghao Liu , Shi Yu , Ruobing Wang , Shuo Wang , Yishan Li , Nan Zhang , Xu Han , Zhiyuan Liu , Maosong Sun

Deploying autonomous vision systems on edge devices faces a critical challenge: resource constraints prevent real-time and predictable execution of comprehensive safety tests. Existing validation methods depend on static datasets or manual…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-10 Faezeh Pasandideh , Achim Rettberg

Artificial intelligence (AI) systems are deployed as collaborators in human decision-making. Yet, evaluation practices focus primarily on model accuracy rather than whether human-AI teams are prepared to collaborate safely and effectively.…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-03-20 Min Hun Lee

LLMs have immense potential for generating plans, transforming an initial world state into a desired goal state. A large body of research has explored the use of LLMs for various planning tasks, from web navigation to travel planning and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-24 Hui Wei , Zihao Zhang , Shenghua He , Tian Xia , Shijia Pan , Fei Liu

The recent popularity of large language models (LLMs) has brought a significant impact to boundless fields, particularly through their open-ended ecosystem such as the APIs, open-sourced models, and plugins. However, with their widespread…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-08-31 Wentao Ye , Mingfeng Ou , Tianyi Li , Yipeng chen , Xuetao Ma , Yifan Yanggong , Sai Wu , Jie Fu , Gang Chen , Haobo Wang , Junbo Zhao

Enterprises need access decisions that satisfy least privilege, comply with regulations, and remain auditable. We present a policy aware controller that uses a large language model (LLM) to interpret natural language requests against…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Shames Al Mandalawi , Muzakkiruddin Ahmed Mohammed , Hendrika Maclean , Mert Can Cakmak , John R. Talburt

Embedding LLM-driven agents into environmental FAIR data management is compelling - they can externalize operational knowledge and scale curation across heterogeneous data and evolving conventions. However, replacing deterministic…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-03 Boyuan Guan , Jason Liu , Yanzhao Wu , Kiavash Bahreini

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) improves factuality but retrieving for every query often hurts quality while inflating tokens and latency. We propose Training-free Adaptive Retrieval Gating (TARG), a single-shot policy that decides…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-15 Yufeng Wang , Lu wei , Haibin Ling
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