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Causal discovery from observational data is a challenging task that can only be solved up to a set of equivalent solutions, called an equivalence class. Such classes, which are often large in size, encode uncertainties about the orientation…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-03-01 Philippe Brouillard , Perouz Taslakian , Alexandre Lacoste , Sebastien Lachapelle , Alexandre Drouin

We develop estimation for potentially high-dimensional additive structural equation models. A key component of our approach is to decouple order search among the variables from feature or edge selection in a directed acyclic graph encoding…

Methodology · Statistics 2014-12-02 Peter Bühlmann , Jonas Peters , Jan Ernest

Modern machine learning models excel at pattern recognition but remain brittle, often failing to generalize out of distribution (OOD) because they capture spurious correlations rather than the underlying causal data-generating process.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Govind Vallabhasseri Binish , Abdhul Ahadh , Rano Roy Kavanal , Arya Ukunde

It is commonplace to encounter heterogeneous or nonstationary data, of which the underlying generating process changes across domains or over time. Such a distribution shift feature presents both challenges and opportunities for causal…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-06-26 Biwei Huang , Kun Zhang , Jiji Zhang , Joseph Ramsey , Ruben Sanchez-Romero , Clark Glymour , Bernhard Schölkopf

Understanding causal relationships between variables is fundamental across scientific disciplines. Most causal discovery algorithms rely on two key assumptions: (i) all variables are observed, and (ii) the underlying causal graph is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-26 Muralikrishnna G. Sethuraman , Faramarz Fekri

We study the problem of experimental design for accurately identifying the causal graph structure of a simple structural causal model (SCM), where the underlying graph may include both cycles and bidirected edges induced by latent…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-09-03 Haijie Xu , Chen Zhang

In this review, we discuss approaches for learning causal structure from data, also called causal discovery. In particular, we focus on approaches for learning directed acyclic graphs (DAGs) and various generalizations which allow for some…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-12-20 Chandler Squires , Caroline Uhler

Causal discovery aims to uncover causal structure among a set of variables. Score-based approaches mainly focus on searching for the best Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG) based on a predefined score function. However, most of them are not…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-13 Wenqian Li , Yinchuan Li , Shengyu Zhu , Yunfeng Shao , Jianye Hao , Yan Pang

Biomarker discovery from high-throughput transcriptomic data is crucial for advancing precision medicine. However, existing methods often neglect gene-gene regulatory relationships and lack stability across datasets, leading to conflation…

Quantitative Methods · Quantitative Biology 2025-11-18 Chaowang Lan , Jingxin Wu , Yulong Yuan , Chuxun Liu , Huangyi Kang , Caihua Liu

Causal disentanglement aims to learn about latent causal factors behind data, holding the promise to augment existing representation learning methods in terms of interpretability and extrapolation. Recent advances establish identifiability…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-25 Ryan Welch , Jiaqi Zhang , Caroline Uhler

We consider the problem of learning the underlying causal structure among a set of variables, which are assumed to follow a Bayesian network or, more specifically, a linear recursive structural equation model (SEM) with the associated…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2025-08-05 Anamitra Chaudhuri , Anirban Bhattacharya , Yang Ni

Causal disentanglement aims to uncover a representation of data using latent variables that are interrelated through a causal model. Such a representation is identifiable if the latent model that explains the data is unique. In this paper,…

Synthetic data generation has been widely adopted in software testing, data privacy, imbalanced learning, and artificial intelligence explanation. In all such contexts, it is crucial to generate plausible data samples. A common assumption…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-10-16 Martina Cinquini , Fosca Giannotti , Riccardo Guidotti

The discovery of causal relationships is a fundamental problem in science and medicine. In recent years, many elegant approaches to discovering causal relationships between two variables from observational data have been proposed. However,…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-06-22 Ciarán M. Lee , Christopher Hart , Jonathan G. Richens , Saurabh Johri

Learning a causal directed acyclic graph from data is a challenging task that involves solving a combinatorial problem for which the solution is not always identifiable. A new line of work reformulates this problem as a continuous…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-11-05 Philippe Brouillard , Sébastien Lachapelle , Alexandre Lacoste , Simon Lacoste-Julien , Alexandre Drouin

Causal discovery broadens the inference possibilities, as correlation does not inform about the relationship direction. The common approaches were proposed for cases in which prior knowledge is desired, when the impact of a…

Applications · Statistics 2018-07-18 Marcel Młyńczak

Healthcare artificial intelligence systems often degrade in performance when deployed across institutions, with documented performance drops and perpetuation of discriminatory patterns embedded in data. This brittleness comes, in part, from…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-30 Munib Mesinovic , Max Buhlan , Tingting Zhu

Gene regulatory networks play a crucial role in controlling an organism's biological processes, which is why there is significant interest in developing computational methods that are able to extract their structure from high-throughput…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2018-09-19 Ioan Gabriel Bucur , Tom van Bussel , Tom Claassen , Tom Heskes

Deep learning (DL) has recently drawn much attention in image analysis, natural language process, and high-dimensional medical data analysis. Under the causal direct acyclic graph (DAG) interpretation, the input variables without incoming…

Applications · Statistics 2022-03-22 Jong-Hyeon Jeong , Yichen Jia

Causal discovery is a difficult problem that typically relies on strong assumptions on the data-generating model, such as non-Gaussianity. In practice, many modern applications provide multiple related views of the same system, which has…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-29 Ambroise Heurtebise , Omar Chehab , Pierre Ablin , Alexandre Gramfort , Aapo Hyvärinen
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