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We present a novel framework for automated interior design that combines large language models (LLMs) with grid-based integer programming to jointly optimize room layout and furniture placement. Given a textual prompt, the LLM-driven agent…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-09 Chucheng Xiang , Ruchao Bao , Biyin Feng , Wenzheng Wu , Zhongyuan Liu , Yirui Guan , Ligang Liu

The rapid rise of Language Models (LMs) has expanded the capabilities of natural language processing, powering applications from text generation to complex decision-making. While state-of-the-art LMs often boast hundreds of billions of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-24 Maximilian Abstreiter , Sasu Tarkoma , Roberto Morabito

The use of deep learning (DL) on Internet of Things (IoT) and mobile devices offers numerous advantages over cloud-based processing. However, such devices face substantial energy constraints to prolong battery-life, or may even operate…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Josh Millar , Hamed Haddadi , Anil Madhavapeddy

The increasing use of information technology has led to a significant share of energy consumption and carbon emissions from data centers. These contributions are expected to rise with the growing demand for big data analytics, increasing…

There is a growing concern about the environmental impact of large language models (LLMs) in software development, particularly due to their high energy use and carbon footprint. Small Language Models (SLMs) offer a more sustainable…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-10-08 Humza Ashraf , Syed Muhammad Danish , Shadikur Rahman , Zeeshan Sattar

The rapid scaling of Large Language Models (LLMs) has pushed training workloads far beyond the limits of single-node analysis, demanding a deeper understanding of how these models behave across large-scale, multi-GPU systems. In this paper,…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-09-22 Seokjin Go , Joongun Park , Spandan More , Hanjiang Wu , Irene Wang , Aaron Jezghani , Tushar Krishna , Divya Mahajan

The field of Tiny Machine Learning (TinyML) has made substantial advancements in democratizing machine learning on low-footprint devices, such as microcontrollers. The prevalence of these miniature devices raises the question of whether…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-09-29 Haoyu Ren , Xue Li , Darko Anicic , Thomas A. Runkler

In recent years, the rapid advancement and impressive capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs) have been evident across various domains. This paper explores the application, implications, and potential of LLMs in building energy…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-12-20 Liang Zhang , Zhelun Chen

Extreme-edge scientific applications use machine learning models to analyze sensor data and make real-time decisions. Their stringent latency and throughput requirements demand small batch sizes and require that model weights remain fully…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-04-22 Zhenghua Ma , G Abarajithan , Dimitrios Danopoulos , Olivia Weng , Francesco Restuccia , Ryan Kastner

The rapid advancements in artificial intelligence (AI), particularly the Large Language Models (LLMs), have profoundly affected our daily work and communication forms. However, it is still a challenge to deploy LLMs on resource-constrained…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-03-03 Mingqiang Huang , Ao Shen , Kai Li , Haoxiang Peng , Boyu Li , Yupeng Su , Hao Yu

This paper presents an analysis of the fundamental limits on energy efficiency in both digital and analog in-memory computing architectures, and compares their performance to single instruction, single data (scalar) machines specifically in…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2023-02-14 Patrick Bowen , Guy Regev , Nir Regev , Bruno Pedroni , Edward Hanson , Yiran Chen

Accurate software energy measurement is critical for optimizing energy, yet existing profilers force a trade-off between measurement accuracy and overhead due to tight coupling with supported specific hardware or languages. We present…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-03-19 Saurabhsingh Rajput , Tushar Sharma

The proliferation of large language models (LLMs) has led to the adoption of Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) architectures that dynamically leverage specialized subnetworks for improved efficiency and performance. Despite their benefits, MoE…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-28 Ruisi Cai , Yeonju Ro , Geon-Woo Kim , Peihao Wang , Babak Ehteshami Bejnordi , Aditya Akella , Zhangyang Wang

Large language models (LLMs) increasingly follow neural scaling laws that tie performance gains to rapidly expanding computational budgets, raising concerns about the sustainability of frontier-scale training. Existing carbon-estimation…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Lei Jiang , Fan Chen

Pervasive mobile AI applications primarily employ one of the two learning paradigms: cloud-based learning (with powerful large models) or on-device learning (with lightweight small models). Despite their own advantages, neither paradigm can…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-21 Yan Zhuang , Zhenzhe Zheng , Yunfeng Shao , Bingshuai Li , Fan Wu , Guihai Chen

A core problem in hardware-software codesign is in the sheer size of the design space. Without a set ISA to constrain the hardware-software interface, the design space explodes. This work presents a strategy for managing the massive…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2020-03-03 Gus Smith , Zachary Tatlock , Luis Ceze

Large Language Models (LLMs) herald a transformative era in artificial intelligence (AI). However, the expansive scale of data and parameters of LLMs requires high-demand computational and memory resources, restricting their accessibility…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-26 Shengwen Ding , Chenhui Hu

With the growing complexity of modern integrated circuits, hardware engineers are required to devote more effort to the full design-to-manufacturing workflow. This workflow involves numerous iterations, making it both labor-intensive and…

The use of lightweight machine learning (ML) models in internet of things (IoT) networks enables resource constrained IoT devices to perform on-device inference for several critical applications. However, the inference accuracy deteriorates…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-16 Henrik C. M. Frederiksen , Junya Shiraishi , Cedomir Stefanovic , Hei Victor Cheng , Shashi Raj Pandey

The efficiency of Large Language Model~(LLM) inference is often constrained by substantial memory bandwidth and capacity demands. Existing techniques, such as pruning, quantization, and mixture of experts/depth, reduce memory capacity…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-04-23 Rui Xie , Asad Ul Haq , Linsen Ma , Yunhua Fang , Zirak Burzin Engineer , Liu Liu , Tong Zhang