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Can AI make progress on important, unsolved mathematical problems? Large language models are now capable of sophisticated mathematical and scientific reasoning, but whether they can perform novel research is still widely debated and…

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown remarkable abilities recently, including passing advanced professional exams and demanding benchmark tests. This performance has led many to suggest that they are close to achieving humanlike or…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-08 Nicholas Riccardi , Rutvik H. Desai

Poker is an imperfect information game that has served as a long-standing benchmark for decision-making under uncertainty. To maximize utility beyond the Nash equilibrium, an agent can deviate from Nash-equilibrium policies to exploit…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Vlad Murgoci , Matthijs Spaan , Yaniv Oren

We introduce a novel and extensible benchmark for large language models (LLMs) through grid-based games such as Tic-Tac-Toe, Connect Four, and Gomoku. The open-source game simulation code, available on GitHub, allows LLMs to compete and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-07-12 Oguzhan Topsakal , Colby Jacob Edell , Jackson Bailey Harper

Decision-making is a complex process requiring diverse abilities, making it an excellent framework for evaluating Large Language Models (LLMs). Researchers have examined LLMs' decision-making through the lens of Game Theory. However,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-03-07 Jen-tse Huang , Eric John Li , Man Ho Lam , Tian Liang , Wenxuan Wang , Youliang Yuan , Wenxiang Jiao , Xing Wang , Zhaopeng Tu , Michael R. Lyu

Tool-augmented large language models (LLMs) are rapidly being integrated into real-world applications. Due to the lack of benchmarks, the community has yet to fully understand the hallucination issues within these models. To address this…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-07 Yuxiang Zhang , Jing Chen , Junjie Wang , Yaxin Liu , Cheng Yang , Chufan Shi , Xinyu Zhu , Zihao Lin , Hanwen Wan , Yujiu Yang , Tetsuya Sakai , Tian Feng , Hayato Yamana

Algorithm design and analysis is a cornerstone of computer science, but it confronts a major challenge. Proving an algorithm's performance guarantee across all inputs has traditionally required extensive and often error-prone human effort.…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2025-08-19 Hanyu Li , Dongchen Li , Xiaotie Deng

Deducing whodunit proves challenging for LLM agents. In this paper, we implement a text-based multi-agent version of the classic board game Clue as a rule-based testbed for evaluating multi-step deductive reasoning, with six agents drawn…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-19 Rebecca Ansell , Autumn Toney-Wails

Game-playing ability serves as an indicator for evaluating the strategic reasoning capability of large language models (LLMs). While most existing studies rely on utility performance metrics, which are not robust enough due to variations in…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-19 Hongtao Liu , Zhicheng Du , Zihe Wang , Weiran Shen

The Elo rating system has been used world wide for individual sports and team sports, as exemplified by the European Go Federation (EGF), International Chess Federation (FIDE), International Federation of Association Football (FIFA), and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-05-04 Ben Wise

The rapid proliferation of Large Language Models (LLMs) has revolutionized AI-assisted code generation. This rapid development of LLMs has outpaced our ability to properly benchmark them. Prevailing benchmarks emphasize unit-test pass rates…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-26 Panayiotis Danassis , Naman Goel

The advancement of data-driven artificial intelligence (AI), particularly machine learning, heavily depends on large-scale benchmarks. Despite remarkable progress across domains ranging from pattern recognition to intelligent…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Chao Li , Shangdong Yang , Chiheng Zhan , Zhenxing Ge , Yujing Hu , Bingkun Bao , Xingguo Chen , Yang Gao

Large language models (LLMs) find increasing applications in many fields. Here, three LLM chatbots (ChatGPT-3.5, ChatGPT-4 and Bard) are assessed - in their current form, as publicly available - for their ability to recognize Alzheimer's…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-06 Balamurali B T , Jer-Ming Chen

We demonstrate LLM agent specification gaming by instructing models to win against a chess engine. We find reasoning models like OpenAI o3 and DeepSeek R1 will often hack the benchmark by default, while language models like GPT-4o and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-28 Alexander Bondarenko , Denis Volk , Dmitrii Volkov , Jeffrey Ladish

As LLM-based agents are deployed in increasingly complex real-world settings, existing benchmarks underrepresent key challenges such as enforcing global constraints, coordinating multi-tool reasoning, and adapting to evolving user behavior…

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated solid zero-shot reasoning capabilities, which is reflected in their performance on the current test tasks. This calls for a more challenging benchmark requiring highly advanced reasoning…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-05 Maksym Del , Mark Fishel

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown remarkable capabilities as autonomous agents, yet existing benchmarks either focus on single-agent tasks or are confined to narrow domains, failing to capture the dynamics of multi-agent coordination…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2025-03-05 Kunlun Zhu , Hongyi Du , Zhaochen Hong , Xiaocheng Yang , Shuyi Guo , Zhe Wang , Zhenhailong Wang , Cheng Qian , Xiangru Tang , Heng Ji , Jiaxuan You

Artificial intelligence (AI) has made remarkable progress across various domains, with large language models like ChatGPT gaining substantial attention for their human-like text-generation capabilities. Despite these achievements, spatial…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-01-11 Fangjun Li , David C. Hogg , Anthony G. Cohn

The evaluation of mathematical reasoning capabilities is essential for advancing Artificial General Intelligence (AGI). While Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown impressive performance in solving mathematical problems, existing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-15 Bo Yang , Qingping Yang , Yingwei Ma , Runtao Liu

Large language models (LLMs) have recently demonstrated great success in generating and understanding natural language. While they have also shown potential beyond the domain of natural language, it remains an open question as to what…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-11 Muhammad Umair Nasir , Steven James , Julian Togelius