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Large language models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable progress, demonstrating unprecedented capabilities across various natural language processing tasks. However, the high costs associated with such exceptional performance limit the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-24 Lizhe Chen , Binjia Zhou , Yuyao Ge , Jiayi Chen , Shiguang NI

Training large language models (LLMs) from scratch can yield models with unique functionalities and strengths, but it is costly and often leads to redundant capabilities. A more cost-effective alternative is to fuse existing pre-trained…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-23 Runjia Zeng , James Chenhao Liang , Cheng Han , Zhiwen Cao , Jiahao Liu , Xiaojun Quan , Yingjie Victor Chen , Lifu Huang , Tong Geng , Qifan Wang , Dongfang Liu

Internal Language Model Estimation (ILME) based language model (LM) fusion has been shown significantly improved recognition results over conventional shallow fusion in both intra-domain and cross-domain speech recognition tasks. In this…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-07-12 Yizhou Peng , Yufei Liu , Jicheng Zhang , Haihua Xu , Yi He , Hao Huang , Eng Siong Chng

This paper studies uncertainty quantification for large language models (LLMs) under black-box access, where only a small number of responses can be sampled for each query. In this setting, estimating the effective semantic alphabet…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-22 Hongxing Pan , Yingying Guo , Wenqing Kuang , Jiashi Lu

Code-mixing (CM), where speakers blend languages within a single expression, is prevalent in multilingual societies but poses challenges for natural language processing due to its complexity and limited data. We propose using a large…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Linda Zeng

We present a simple method to improve neural translation of a low-resource language pair using parallel data from a related, also low-resource, language pair. The method is based on the transfer method of Zoph et al., but whereas their…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2017-09-22 Toan Q. Nguyen , David Chiang

Evaluating the quality of machine-generated natural language content is a challenging task in Natural Language Processing (NLP). Recently, large language models (LLMs) like GPT-4 have been employed for this purpose, but they are…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-23 Daniil Larionov , Steffen Eger

Ranking documents using Large Language Models (LLMs) by directly feeding the query and candidate documents into the prompt is an interesting and practical problem. However, researchers have found it difficult to outperform fine-tuned…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-03-29 Zhen Qin , Rolf Jagerman , Kai Hui , Honglei Zhuang , Junru Wu , Le Yan , Jiaming Shen , Tianqi Liu , Jialu Liu , Donald Metzler , Xuanhui Wang , Michael Bendersky

Recent advances in large language models have led to numerous task-specialized fine-tuned variants, creating a need for efficient model merging techniques that preserve specialized capabilities while avoiding costly retraining. While…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-20 Shuqi Liu , Han Wu , Bowei He , Xiongwei Han , Mingxuan Yuan , Linqi Song

The Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) architecture has become a predominant paradigm for scaling large language models (LLMs). Despite offering strong performance and computational efficiency, large MoE-based LLMs like DeepSeek-V3-0324 and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-08 Xiaodong Chen , Mingming Ha , Zhenzhong Lan , Jing Zhang , Jianguo Li

Large language models (LLMs) excel on multiple-choice clinical diagnosis benchmarks, yet it is unclear how much of this performance reflects underlying probabilistic reasoning. We study this through questions from MedQA, where the task is…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-16 Furong Jia , Yuan Pu , Finn Guo , Monica Agrawal

Tokenization is an important preprocessing step in the training and inference of large language models (LLMs). While there has been extensive research on the expressive power of the neural achitectures used in LLMs, the impact of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-05 Saibo Geng , Sankalp Gambhir , Chris Wendler , Robert West

In-context learning has established itself as an important learning paradigm for Large Language Models (LLMs). In this paper, we demonstrate that LLMs can learn encoding keys in-context and perform analysis directly on encoded…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-16 Andresa Rodrigues de Campos , David Lee , Imry Kissos , Piyush Paritosh

Accurately quantifying uncertainty in large language models (LLMs) is crucial for their reliable deployment, especially in high-stakes applications. Current state-of-the-art methods for measuring semantic uncertainty in LLMs rely on strict…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-31 Yashvir S. Grewal , Edwin V. Bonilla , Thang D. Bui

There is a lack of an evaluation methodology that estimates the extent to which large language models (LLMs) use code-switching (CS) in the same way as bilinguals. Existing methods do not have wide language coverage, fail to account for the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-29 Igor Sterner , Simone Teufel

Neural machine translation systems estimate probabilities of target sentences given source sentences, yet these estimates may not align with human preferences. This work introduces QE-fusion, a method that synthesizes translations using a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-07 Giorgos Vernikos , Andrei Popescu-Belis

Sub-word segmentation is an essential pre-processing step for Neural Machine Translation (NMT). Existing work has shown that neural sub-word segmenters are better than Byte-Pair Encoding (BPE), however, they are inefficient as they require…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-08-01 Haiyue Song , Raj Dabre , Chenhui Chu , Sadao Kurohashi , Eiichiro Sumita

We computed both Word and Sub-word Embeddings using FastText. For Sub-word embeddings we selected Byte Pair Encoding (BPE) algorithm to represent the sub-words. We evaluated the Biomedical Word Embeddings obtaining better results than…

Modern language models represent probability distributions over character strings as distributions over (shorter) token strings derived via a deterministic tokenizer, such as byte-pair encoding. While this approach is highly effective at…

Transformer-based large language models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable success as model sizes continue to grow, yet their deployment remains challenging due to significant computational and memory demands. Quantization has emerged as a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-26 Yu Zhang , Mingzi Wang , Lancheng Zou , Wulong Liu , Hui-Ling Zhen , Mingxuan Yuan , Bei Yu