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Due to the energy crisis and environmental pollution, the installed capacity of inverter-based resources (IBRs) in power grids is rapidly increasing, and grid-following control (GFL) is the most prevalent at present. Meanwhile, grid-forming…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-02-05 Yinhong Lin , Bin Wang , Qinglai Guo , Haotian Zhao , Hongbin Sun

Modular multilevel converter (MMC) has complex topology, control architecture and broadband harmonic spectrum. For this, linear-time-periodic (LTP) theory, covering multi-harmonic coupling relations, has been adopted for MMC impedance…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-08-20 Chu Sun , Fei Zhang , Huafeng Xiao , Na Wang , Jikai Chen

A grid tied inverter converts DC voltage into AC voltage, while synchronizing it with the supply line phase and frequency. This paper presents an efficient, robust, and easy-to-implement grid tie mechanism. First, the grid tie mechanism was…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2019-09-16 Uzair Nadeem , Muhammad Shahzaib Atif , Rizwan Ahmed , Hassan Touqeer , Hamood Ur Rahman Khawaja

Smart inverters have been advocated as a fast-responding mechanism for voltage regulation in distribution grids. Nevertheless, optimal inverter coordination can be computationally demanding, and preset local control rules are known to be…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2019-09-26 Mana Jalali , Vassilis Kekatos , Nikolaos Gatsis , Deepjyoti Deka

Appropriate control of high penetration renewable energies in power systems requires a complete modeling of the system. In this paper, a comprehensive state space modeling of voltage source inverters, networks and loads are studied. We have…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2017-08-25 Ali Dehghan Banadaki , Farideh Doost Mohammadi , Ali Feliachi

Future power systems will include high shares of inverter-based generation. There is a general consensus that for allowing this transition, the Grid-Forming (GFM) control approach would be of great value. This article presents a GFM control…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-05-08 Julian Freytes , Antoine Rossé , Valentin Costan , Grégoire Prime

The ever-increasing use of renewable energy sources has underlined the role of power electronic converters as an interface between these resources and the power grid. One application of these converters is in three-phase inverters utilized…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-02-02 Arash Esfandiari , Mohammad Naser Hashemnia

Renewables are key enablers for the realization of a sustainable energy supply but grid operators and energy utilities have to mange their intermittent behavior and limited storage capabilities by ensuring the security of supply and power…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2018-12-27 Marcel Otte , Fabian Leimgruber , Roland Bründlinger , Sebastian Rohjans , Aadil Latif , Thomas I. Strasser

Transient stability analysis (TSA) plays an important role in power system analysis to investigate the stability of power system. Traditionally, transient stability analysis methods have been developed using time domain simulation by means…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-06-08 Xiang Zhang , Renchang Dai , Peng Wei , Yijing Liu , Guangyi Liu , Zhiwei Wang

With the large-scale hybrid AC-DC grids coming into being, electromagnetic transient (EMT) simulation is required to accurately describe the dynamics of systems. However, the EMT steady-state initialization for hybrid AC-DC system is…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-01-13 Ye Liu , Yankan Song , Le Zhao , Ying Chen , Chen Shen

As inverter-based resources (IBRs) penetrate power systems, the dynamics become more complex, exhibiting multiple timescales, including electromagnetic transient (EMT) dynamics of power electronic controllers and electromechanical dynamics…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-03-17 Kaiyang Huang , Min Xiong , Yang Liu , Kai Sun

Smart grid technological advances present a recent class of complex interdisciplinary modeling and increasingly difficult simulation problems to solve using traditional computational methods. To simulate a smart grid requires a systemic…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-11-26 Sofiane Ben Amor , Guillaume Guerard , Loup-Noé Levy

Grid-interfacing inverters serve as the interface between renewable energy resources and the electric power grid, offering fast, programmable control capabilities. However, their operation is constrained by hardware limitations, such as…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-01-16 Trager Joswig-Jones , Baosen Zhang

The widely accepted definition of grid-forming (GFM) inverter states that it should behave as a (nearly) constant voltage source behind an impedance by maintaining a (nearly) constant internal voltage phasor in the sub-transient to…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-04-10 Ambuj Gupta , Balarko Chaudhuri , Mark O'Malley

As the landscape of devices that interact with the electrical grid expands, also the complexity of the scenarios that arise from these interactions increases. Validation methods and tools are typically domain specific and are designed to…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-09-15 Catalin Gavriluta , Georg Lauss , Thomas I. Strasser , Juan Montoya , Ron Brandl , Panos Kotsampopoulos

This article reviews different kinds of models for the electric power grid that can be used to understand the modern power system, the smart grid. From the physical network to abstract energy markets, we identify in the literature different…

We consider the problem of grid-forming control of power converters in low-inertia power systems. Starting from an average-switch three-phase inverter model, we draw parallels to a synchronous machine (SM) model and propose a novel…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2018-04-27 Catalin Arghir , Taouba Jouini , Florian Dorfler

This paper presents a \textit{physics-based} steady-state equivalent circuit model of a two-stage bidirectional inverter. These inverters connect distributed energy resources (DERs), such as photovoltaic (PV) and battery systems, to…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-01-21 Emmanuel O. Badmus , Amritanshu Pandey

Traditional emergency control schemes in power systems usually accompany with power interruption yielding severely economic damages to customers. This paper sketches the ideas of a viable alternative for traditional remedial controls for…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2015-11-27 Thanh Long Vu , Spyros Chatzivasileiadis , Konstantin Turitsyn

Low-order frequency response models for power systems have a decades-long history in optimization and control problems such as unit commitment, economic dispatch, and wide-area control. With a few exceptions, these models are built upon the…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-11-10 Marena Trujillo , Amir Sajadi , Bri-Mathias Hodge