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In many high-risk machine learning applications it is essential for a model to indicate when it is uncertain about a prediction. While large language models (LLMs) can reach and even surpass human-level accuracy on a variety of benchmarks,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-06 Evan Becker , Stefano Soatto

Leaderboard scores on public benchmarks have been steadily rising and converging, with many frontier language models now separated by only marginal differences. However, these scores often fail to match users' day to day experience, because…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-05 Yiliang Song , Hongjun An , Jiangong Xiao , Haofei Zhao , Jiawei Shao , Xuelong Li

Large language models (LLMs), despite their remarkable text generation capabilities, often hallucinate and generate text that is factually incorrect and not grounded in real-world knowledge. This poses serious risks in domains like…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Raavi Gupta , Pranav Hari Panicker , Sumit Bhatia , Ganesh Ramakrishnan

Evaluating large language models (LLMs) has become increasingly challenging as model capabilities advance rapidly. While recent models often achieve higher scores on standard benchmarks, these improvements do not consistently reflect…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-21 Haiquan Hu , Jiazhi Jiang , Shiyou Xu , Ruhan Zeng , Tian Wang

Factuality in Large Language Models (LLMs) is a persistent challenge. Current benchmarks often assess short factual answers, overlooking the critical ability to generate structured, multi-record tabular outputs from parametric knowledge. We…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-28 Dario Satriani , Enzo Veltri , Donatello Santoro , Paolo Papotti

We present the Judge Reliability Harness, an open source library for constructing validation suites that test the reliability of LLM judges. As LLM based scoring is widely deployed in AI benchmarks, more tooling is needed to efficiently…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-06 Sunishchal Dev , Andrew Sloan , Joshua Kavner , Nicholas Kong , Morgan Sandler

The ability to rigorously estimate the failure rates of large language models (LLMs) is a prerequisite for their safe deployment. Currently, however, practitioners often face a tradeoff between expensive human gold standards and potentially…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-07 Minghe Shen , Ananth Balashankar , Adam Fisch , David Madras , Miguel Rodrigues

Despite the widespread adoption of large language models (LLMs) for recommendation, we demonstrate that LLMs often exhibit uncertainty in their recommendations. To ensure the trustworthy use of LLMs in generating recommendations, we…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-02-13 Wonbin Kweon , Sanghwan Jang , SeongKu Kang , Hwanjo Yu

Benchmarks are important measures to evaluate safety and compliance of AI models at scale. However, they typically do not offer verifiable results and lack confidentiality for model IP and benchmark datasets. We propose Attestable Audits,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-01 Christoph Schnabl , Daniel Hugenroth , Bill Marino , Alastair R. Beresford

Production LLM systems increasingly require machine-readable outputs: JSON objects, typed traces, regex-constrained fields, and tool-call schemas. This paper targets on-device and low-cost small language model (SLM) deployments, where…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Jaideep Ray

As large language models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed in critical decision-making systems, the lack of reliable methods to measure their uncertainty presents a fundamental trustworthiness risk. We introduce a normalized confidence score…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Xie Xiaohu , Liu Xiaohu , Yao Benjamin

It is expected that in the near future, AI software development assistants will play an important role in the software industry. However, current software development assistants tend to be unreliable, often producing incorrect, unsafe, or…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-01-24 Daniel Maninger , Krishna Narasimhan , Mira Mezini

Architecture evaluation methods have long been used to evaluate software designs. Several evaluation methods have been proposed and used to analyze tradeoffs between different quality attributes. Having competing qualities leads to…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Rafael Capilla , J. Andrés Díaz-Pace , Yamid Ramírez , Jennifer Pérez , Vanessa Rodríguez-Horcajo

Structured data, rich in logical and relational information, has the potential to enhance the reasoning abilities of large language models (LLMs). Still, its integration poses a challenge due to the risk of overwhelming LLMs with excessive…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-18 Xiaoyu Tan , Haoyu Wang , Xihe Qiu , Yuan Cheng , Yinghui Xu , Wei Chu , Yuan Qi

The adoption of Large Language Models (LLMs) as automated evaluators (LLM-as-a-judge) has revealed critical inconsistencies in current evaluation frameworks. We identify two fundamental types of inconsistencies: (1) Score-Comparison…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-29 Yidong Wang , Yunze Song , Tingyuan Zhu , Xuanwang Zhang , Zhuohao Yu , Hao Chen , Chiyu Song , Qiufeng Wang , Cunxiang Wang , Zhen Wu , Xinyu Dai , Yue Zhang , Wei Ye , Shikun Zhang

Trustworthiness and interpretability are inextricably linked concepts for LLMs. The more interpretable an LLM is, the more trustworthy it becomes. However, current techniques for interpreting LLMs when applied to code-related tasks largely…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-10-13 David N. Palacio , Daniel Rodriguez-Cardenas , Alejandro Velasco , Dipin Khati , Kevin Moran , Denys Poshyvanyk

The Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials statement is the global benchmark for transparent and high-quality reporting of randomized controlled trials. Manual verification of CONSORT adherence is a laborious, time-intensive process…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Zhichao He , Mouxiao Bian , Jianhong Zhu , Jiayuan Chen , Yunqiu Wang , Wenxia Zhao , Tianbin Li , Bing Han , Jie Xu , Junyan Wu

Large language models are increasingly deployed in settings where reliability matters, yet output-level uncertainty signals such as token probabilities, entropy, and self-consistency can become brittle under calibration--deployment…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-20 Yanli Wang , Peng Kuang , Xiaoyu Han , Kaidi Xu , Haohan Wang

LLM-powered coding and development assistants have become prevalent to programmers' workflows. However, concerns about the trustworthiness of LLMs for code persist despite their widespread use. Much of the existing research focused on…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-12-17 Chong Wang , Zhenpeng Chen , Tianlin Li , Yilun Zhao , Yang Liu

Automating planning with LLMs presents transformative opportunities for traditional industries, yet remains underexplored. In commercial construction, the complexity of automated scheduling often requires manual intervention to ensure…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-02-18 Yifan Zhang , Xue Yang