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Large Language Models are a promising tool for automated vulnerability detection, thanks to their success in code generation and repair. However, despite widespread adoption, a critical question remains: Are LLMs truly effective at…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-04-21 Yue Li , Xiao Li , Hao Wu , Minghui Xu , Yue Zhang , Xiuzhen Cheng , Fengyuan Xu , Sheng Zhong

Medical question-answering (QA) is a critical task for evaluating how effectively large language models (LLMs) encode clinical knowledge and assessing their potential applications in medicine. Despite showing promise on multiple-choice…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-06 Guangfu Guo , Kai Zhang , Bryan Hoo , Yujun Cai , Xiaoqian Lu , Nanyun Peng , Yiwei Wang

The widespread adoption of web applications has made their security a critical concern and has increased the need for systematic ways to assess whether they can be considered trustworthy. However, "trust" assessment remains an open problem…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-26 Oleksandr Yarotskyi , José D'Abruzzo Pereira , João R. Campos

Evaluating Large Language Models (LLMs) has become increasingly important, with automatic evaluation benchmarks gaining prominence as alternatives to human evaluation. While existing research has focused on approximating model rankings,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-04 Zongqi Wang , Tianle Gu , Chen Gong , Xin Tian , Siqi Bao , Yujiu Yang

As the modern tool of choice for question answering, large language models (LLMs) are expected to deliver answers with up-to-date knowledge. To achieve such ideal question-answering systems, locating and then editing outdated knowledge in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-17 Baolong Bi , Shenghua Liu , Yiwei Wang , Lingrui Mei , Hongcheng Gao , Junfeng Fang , Xueqi Cheng

Human evaluation has been the gold standard for checking faithfulness in abstractive summarization. However, with a challenging source domain like narrative, multiple annotators can agree a summary is faithful, while missing details that…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-04-02 Melanie Subbiah , Faisal Ladhak , Akankshya Mishra , Griffin Adams , Lydia B. Chilton , Kathleen McKeown

We introduce BSDetector, a method for detecting bad and speculative answers from a pretrained Large Language Model by estimating a numeric confidence score for any output it generated. Our uncertainty quantification technique works for any…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-05 Jiuhai Chen , Jonas Mueller

The Structure Gap between probabilistic LLM generation and deterministic schema requirements hinders automated workflows. We propose RL-Struct, a lightweight framework using Gradient Regularized Policy Optimization (GRPO) with a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-16 Ruike Hu , Shulei Wu

Large Language Models (LLMs) are prone to generating fluent but incorrect content, known as confabulation, which poses increasing risks in multi-turn or agentic applications where outputs may be reused as context. In this work, we…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-18 Tianyi Zhou , Johanne Medina , Sanjay Chawla

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly required to generate structured, machine-readable outputs for downstream systems. While recent benchmarks have focused on evaluating the structural correctness of such outputs, the environmental…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Elio Masciari , Vincenzo Moscato , Enea Vincenzo Napolitano , Gian Marco Orlando , Marco Perillo , Diego Russo

Users of search-augmented LLMs rely on citations as evidence that responses are grounded in real sources, and rarely verify the cited pages themselves. Millions of queries per day now pass through these systems, making citation quality a…

Digital Libraries · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Yongsik Seo , Wooseok Jeong , Eunyoung Kim , Hyeonseo Jang , Dongha Lee

Evaluating language models in streaming environments is critical, yet underexplored. Existing benchmarks either focus on single complex events or provide curated inputs for each query, and do not evaluate models under the conflicts that…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-23 Yukyung Lee , Yebin Lim , Woojun Jung , Wonjun Choi , Susik Yoon

The application of machine learning on tabular data in specialized domains is severely limited by data scarcity. While generative models offer a solution, traditional methods falter in low-data regimes, and recent Large Language Models…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-05 Siyi Liu , Yujia Zheng , Yongqi Zhang

Large language models (LLMs) could be valuable personal AI agents across various domains, provided they can precisely follow user instructions. However, recent studies have shown significant limitations in LLMs' instruction-following…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-03-31 Juyeon Heo , Miao Xiong , Christina Heinze-Deml , Jaya Narain

Incident management is essential to maintain the reliability and availability of cloud computing services. Cloud vendors typically disclose incident reports to the public, summarizing the failures and recovery process to help minimize their…

Performance · Computer Science 2026-03-18 Xiaoyu Chu , Shashikant Ilager , Yizhen Zang , Sacheendra Talluri , Alexandru Iosup

The ability of Large Language Models (LLMs) to generate structured outputs that follow arbitrary schemas is crucial to a wide range of downstream tasks that require diverse structured representations of results such as information…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-25 James Y. Huang , Wenxuan Zhou , Nan Xu , Fei Wang , Qin Liu , Sheng Zhang , Hoifung Poon , Muhao Chen

Structured output from large language models (LLMs) has enhanced efficiency in processing generated information and is increasingly adopted in industrial applications. Prior studies have investigated the impact of structured output on LLMs'…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-22 Han Yuan , Yue Zhao , Li Zhang , Wuqiong Luo , Zheng Ma

Ensuring the correctness of smart contracts is critical, as even subtle flaws can lead to severe financial losses. While bug detection tools able to spot common vulnerability patterns can serve as a first line of defense, most real-world…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-12 Massimo Bartoletti , Enrico Lipparini , Livio Pompianu

Evaluating Large Language Models (LLMs) is one of the most critical aspects of building a performant compound AI system. Since the output from LLMs propagate to downstream steps, identifying LLM errors is crucial to system performance. A…

Uncertainty estimation is important for ensuring safety and robustness of AI systems. While most research in the area has focused on un-structured prediction tasks, limited work has investigated general uncertainty estimation approaches for…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-02-12 Andrey Malinin , Mark Gales