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We show how to prepare any graph state of up to 12 qubits with: (a) the minimum number of controlled-Z gates, and (b) the minimum preparation depth. We assume only one-qubit and controlled-Z gates. The method exploits the fact that any…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2011-04-19 Adan Cabello , Lars Eirik Danielsen , Antonio J. Lopez-Tarrida , Jose R. Portillo

The stabiliser formalism plays a central role in quantum computing, error correction, and fault tolerance. Conversions between and verifications of different specifications of stabiliser states and Clifford gates are important components of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-01-09 Nadish de Silva , Wilfred Salmon , Ming Yin

Highly entangled quantum states are an ingredient in numerous applications in quantum computing. However, preparing these highly entangled quantum states on currently available quantum computers at high fidelity is limited by ubiquitous…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-02-27 Sebastian Brandhofer , Ilia Polian , Stefanie Barz , Daniel Bhatti

Quantum state preparation is a crucial process within numerous quantum algorithms, and the need for efficient initialization of quantum registers is ever increasing as demand for useful quantum computing grows. The problem arises as the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-09-11 Andrew Wright , Marco Lewis , Paolo Zuliani , Sadegh Soudjani

We start by studying the subgroup structures underlying stabilizer circuits and we use our results to propose a new normal form for stabilizer circuits. This normal form is computed by induction using simple conjugation rules in the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-07-05 Marc Bataille

Preparing arbitrary logical states is a central primitive for universal fault-tolerant quantum computation and the cost of encoded-state preparation contributes directly to the overall resource overhead. This makes the synthesis of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-18 Tom Peham , Matthew Steinberg , Robert Wille , Sascha Heußen

We give a pair of algorithms that efficiently learn a quantum state prepared by Clifford gates and $O(\log n)$ non-Clifford gates. Specifically, for an $n$-qubit state $|\psi\rangle$ prepared with at most $t$ non-Clifford gates, our…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-11-07 Sabee Grewal , Vishnu Iyer , William Kretschmer , Daniel Liang

We present an algorithm for efficiently simulating a quantum circuit in the graph formalism. In the graph formalism, we represent states as a linear combination of graphs with Clifford operations on their vertices. We show how a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-08-09 Andrey Boris Khesin , Kevin Ren

Recent work has explored using the stabilizer formalism to classically simulate quantum circuits containing a few non-Clifford gates. The computational cost of such methods is directly related to the notion of stabilizer rank, which for a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-09-04 Sergey Bravyi , Dan Browne , Padraic Calpin , Earl Campbell , David Gosset , Mark Howard

A common requirement of quantum simulations and algorithms is the preparation of complex states through sequences of 2-qubit gates. For a generic quantum state, the number of gates grows exponentially with the number of qubits, becoming…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-07-08 Matan Ben Dov , David Shnaiderov , Adi Makmal , Emanuele G. Dalla Torre

Graph states are a key resource for measurement-based quantum computation and quantum networking, but state-preparation costs limit their practical use. Graph states related by local complement (LC) operations are equivalent up to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-01 Nicholas Connolly , Shin Nishio , Dan E. Browne , William John Munro , Kae Nemoto

We study the complexity of learning quantum states in various models with respect to the stabilizer formalism and obtain the following results: - We prove that $\Omega(n)$ $T$-gates are necessary for any Clifford+$T$ circuit to prepare…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-09-18 Sabee Grewal , Vishnu Iyer , William Kretschmer , Daniel Liang

One of the primary objectives in the field of quantum state learning is to develop algorithms that are time-efficient for learning states generated from quantum circuits. Earlier investigations have demonstrated time-efficient algorithms…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-02-14 Nai-Hui Chia , Ching-Yi Lai , Han-Hsuan Lin

Quantum computing is an emerging technology that has the potential to achieve exponential speedups over their classical counterparts. To achieve quantum advantage, quantum principles are being applied to fields such as communications,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-04-19 Arijit Mondal , Keshab K. Parhi

Stabilizer circuits play an important role in quantum error correction protocols, and will be vital for ensuring fault tolerance in future quantum hardware. While stabilizer circuits are defined on the Clifford generating set, {H, S, CX},…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-05-01 Brendan Reid

Stabilizer states form an important class of states in quantum information, and are of central importance in quantum error correction. Here, we provide an algorithm for deciding whether one stabilizer (target) state can be obtained from…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-05-16 Axel Dahlberg , Stephanie Wehner

Minimizing the use of CNOT gates in quantum state preparation is a crucial step in quantum compilation, as they introduce coupling constraints and more noise than single-qubit gates. Reducing the number of CNOT gates can lead to more…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2024-09-05 Hanyu Wang , Bochen Tan , Jason Cong , Giovanni De Micheli

We tackle the problem of Clifford isometry compilation, i.e, how to synthesize a Clifford isometry into an executable quantum circuit. We propose a simple framework for synthesis that only exploits the elementary properties of the Clifford…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-01-15 Timothée Goubault de Brugière , Simon Martiel , Christophe Vuillot

Since quantum computing is currently in the NISQ-Era, compilation strategies to reduce the number of gates executed on specific hardware are required. In this work, we utilize the concept of synthesis of a data structure called Clifford…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-10-31 David Winderl , Qunsheng Huang , Arianne Meijer-van de Griend , Richie Yeung

Graph states are generalized from qubits to collections of $n$ qudits of arbitrary dimension $D$, and simple graphical methods are used to construct both additive and nonadditive quantum error correcting codes. Codes of distance 2…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2008-11-11 Shiang Yong Looi , Li Yu , Vlad Gheorghiu , Robert B. Griffiths
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