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Due to their architecture and how they are trained, artificial neural networks are typically not robust toward pruning or shuffling layers at test time. However, such properties would be desirable for different applications, such as…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-12-09 Matthias Freiberger , Peter Kun , Anders Sundnes Løvlie , Sebastian Risi

This paper introduces a high-order Markov chain task to investigate how transformers learn to integrate information from multiple past positions with varying statistical significance. We demonstrate that transformers learn this task…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Oğuz Kaan Yüksel , Rodrigo Alvarez Lucendo , Nicolas Flammarion

Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) struggle with continual learning, often suffering from catastrophic forgetting when adapting to sequential tasks. We introduce a routing-based architecture that integrates new capabilities while…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-08 Jay Mohta , Kenan Emir Ak , Gwang Lee , Dimitrios Dimitriadis , Yan Xu , Mingwei Shen

While scaling Transformer-based large language models (LLMs) has demonstrated promising performance across various tasks, it also introduces redundant architectures, posing efficiency challenges for real-world deployment. Despite some…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-18 Shwai He , Guoheng Sun , Zheyu Shen , Ang Li

Multi-step reasoning tasks like mathematical problem solving are vulnerable to cascading failures, where a single incorrect step leads to complete solution breakdown. Current LLM routing methods assign entire queries to one model, treating…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-16 Vansh Kapoor , Aman Gupta , Hao Chen , Anurag Beniwal , Jing Huang , Aviral Kumar

Transformer models have been widely adopted in various domains over the last years, and especially large language models have advanced the field of AI significantly. Due to their size, the capability of these networks has increased…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-10 Yelysei Bondarenko , Markus Nagel , Tijmen Blankevoort

The incredible success of transformers on sequence modeling tasks can be largely attributed to the self-attention mechanism, which allows information to be transferred between different parts of a sequence. Self-attention allows…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-14 Eshaan Nichani , Alex Damian , Jason D. Lee

Attention layers, as commonly used in transformers, form the backbone of modern deep learning, yet there is no mathematical description of their benefits and deficiencies as compared with other architectures. In this work we establish both…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-17 Clayton Sanford , Daniel Hsu , Matus Telgarsky

Transfer learning is a popular practice in deep neural networks, but fine-tuning of large number of parameters is a hard task due to the complex wiring of neurons between splitting layers and imbalance distributions of data in pretrained…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-10-23 Arash Shahriari

Deep pre-trained Transformer models have achieved state-of-the-art results over a variety of natural language processing (NLP) tasks. By learning rich language knowledge with millions of parameters, these models are usually…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-11-10 Zhengyan Zhang , Fanchao Qi , Zhiyuan Liu , Qun Liu , Maosong Sun

Transformers have shown strong ability to model long-term dependencies and are increasingly adopted as world models in model-based reinforcement learning (RL) under partial observability. However, unlike natural language corpora, RL…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Daniel De Dios Allegue , Jinke He , Frans A. Oliehoek

Driver distraction behavior recognition using in-vehicle cameras demands real-time inference on edge devices. However, lightweight models often fail to capture fine-grained behavioral cues, resulting in reduced performance on unseen drivers…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-11 Keito Inoshita

Transformers are state-of-the-art in a wide range of NLP tasks and have also been applied to many real-world products. Understanding the reliability and certainty of transformer model predictions is crucial for building trustable machine…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-12-28 Jiahuan Pei , Cheng Wang , György Szarvas

The \textit{de facto} paradigm for applying dense retrieval (DR) to new tasks involves fine-tuning a pre-trained model for a specific task. However, this paradigm has two significant limitations: (1) It is difficult adapt the DR to a new…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-02-27 Zhan Su , Fengran Mo , Jinghan Zhang , Yuchen Hui , Jia Ao Sun , Bingbing Wen , Jian-Yun Nie

The Transformer is a sequence model that forgoes traditional recurrent architectures in favor of a fully attention-based approach. Besides improving performance, an advantage of using attention is that it can also help to interpret a model…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2019-06-14 Jesse Vig

The quadratic complexity of standard attention mechanisms poses a significant scalability bottleneck for large language models (LLMs) in long-context scenarios. While hybrid attention strategies that combine sparse and full attention within…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-29 Zecheng Tang , Quantong Qiu , Yi Yang , Zhiyi Hong , Haiya Xiang , Kebin Liu , Qingqing Dang , Juntao Li , Min Zhang

Recent years have seen a growing adoption of Transformer models such as BERT in Natural Language Processing and even in Computer Vision. However, due to their size, there has been limited adoption of such models within resource-constrained…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-11-18 Archit Parnami , Rahul Singh , Tarun Joshi

While the multi-branch architecture is one of the key ingredients to the success of computer vision tasks, it has not been well investigated in natural language processing, especially sequence learning tasks. In this work, we propose a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-07-28 Yang Fan , Shufang Xie , Yingce Xia , Lijun Wu , Tao Qin , Xiang-Yang Li , Tie-Yan Liu

Transformer-based models have become the state of the art across multiple domains, from natural language processing to machine listening, thanks to the attention mechanisms. However, the attention layers require a large number of parameters…

Both transduction and rejection have emerged as important techniques for defending against adversarial perturbations. A recent work by Goldwasser et al. showed that rejection combined with transduction can give provable guarantees (for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-24 Nils Palumbo , Yang Guo , Xi Wu , Jiefeng Chen , Yingyu Liang , Somesh Jha