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We introduce a group of related methods for binary classification tasks using probes of the hidden state activations in large language models (LLMs). Performance is on par with the largest and most advanced LLMs currently available, but…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-22 John Scoville , Shang Gao , Devanshu Agrawal , Javed Qadrud-Din

Large language models (LLMs) are highly capable but face latency challenges in real-time applications, such as conducting online hallucination detection. To overcome this issue, we propose a novel framework that leverages a small language…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-26 Mengya Hu , Rui Xu , Deren Lei , Yaxi Li , Mingyu Wang , Emily Ching , Eslam Kamal , Alex Deng

Large language models (LLMs) are revolutionizing every aspect of society. They are increasingly used in problem-solving tasks to substitute human assessment and reasoning. LLMs are trained on what humans write and are thus exposed to human…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Fengfei Sun , Ningke Li , Kailong Wang , Lorenz Goette

Vision-Language Models (VLMs) have achieved remarkable progress in complex visual understanding across scientific and reasoning tasks. While performance benchmarking has advanced our understanding of these capabilities, the critical…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Asif Azad , Mohammad Sadat Hossain , MD Sadik Hossain Shanto , M Saifur Rahman , Md Rizwan Parvez

This paper investigates how large language models (LLMs) behave when faced with discrepancies between their parametric knowledge and conflicting information contained in a prompt. Building on prior question-answering (QA) research, we…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-23 Jaesung Bae , Cameron Churchwell , Mitchell Hermon , Tsun-An Hsieh , Jocelyn Xu , Yekaterina Yegorova , Mark Hasegawa-Johnson , Heng Ji

Large Language Models (LLMs) inherit explicit and implicit biases from their training datasets. Identifying and mitigating biases in LLMs is crucial to ensure fair outputs, as they can perpetuate harmful stereotypes and misinformation. This…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-19 Fatima Kazi , Alex Young , Yash Inani , Setareh Rafatirad

Recent advances in Large Language Models (LLMs) have opened new perspectives for automation in optimization. While several studies have explored how LLMs can generate or solve optimization models, far less is understood about what these…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-16 Francesca Da Ros , Luca Di Gaspero , Kevin Roitero

Despite their widespread use in fact-checking, moderation, and high-stakes decision-making, large language models (LLMs) remain poorly understood as judges of truth. This study presents the largest evaluation to date of LLMs' veracity…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Emilio Barkett , Olivia Long , Madhavendra Thakur

In recent years, large-scale language models (LLMs) have gained attention for their impressive text generation capabilities. However, these models often face the challenge of "hallucination," which undermines their reliability. In this…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-10 Yuchen Yang , Houqiang Li , Yanfeng Wang , Yu Wang

With the development of large language models (LLMs) like the GPT series, their widespread use across various application scenarios presents a myriad of challenges. This review initially explores the issue of domain specificity, where LLMs…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-23 Xiaoliang Chen , Liangbin Li , Le Chang , Yunhe Huang , Yuxuan Zhao , Yuxiao Zhang , Dinuo Li

Language models (LMs) are sentence-completion engines trained on massive corpora. LMs have emerged as a significant breakthrough in natural-language processing, providing capabilities that go far beyond sentence completion including…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-10-26 Robert E. Wray , III , James R. Kirk , John E. Laird

Language models have long been shown to embed geographical information in their hidden representations. This line of work has recently been revisited by extending this result to Large Language Models (LLMs). In this paper, we propose to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-05 Nathan Godey , Éric de la Clergerie , Benoît Sagot

Acquiring factual knowledge with Pretrained Language Models (PLMs) has attracted increasing attention, showing promising performance in many knowledge-intensive tasks. Their good performance has led the community to believe that the models…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-02-14 Zhangdie Yuan , Songbo Hu , Ivan Vulić , Anna Korhonen , Zaiqiao Meng

Using AI to create autonomous researchers has the potential to accelerate scientific discovery. A prerequisite for this vision is understanding how well an AI model can identify the underlying structure of a black-box system from its…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-26 Jiayi Geng , Howard Chen , Dilip Arumugam , Thomas L. Griffiths

Large language models(LLMs) excel at text generation and knowledge question-answering tasks, but they are prone to generating hallucinated content, severely limiting their application in high-risk domains. Current hallucination detection…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-25 Shize Liang , Hongzhi Wang

While large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated strong capability in structured prediction tasks such as semantic parsing, few amounts of research have explored the underlying mechanisms of their success. Our work studies different…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-02-01 Daking Rai , Yilun Zhou , Bailin Wang , Ziyu Yao

Language models are deployed in settings that require compartmentalization: system prompts should not be disclosed, chain-of-thought reasoning is hidden from users, and sensitive data passes through shared contexts. We test whether models…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Ari Holtzman , Peter West

Recent work suggests that large language models (LLMs) can improve performance of speech tasks compared to existing systems. To support their claims, results on LibriSpeech and Common Voice are often quoted. However, this work finds that a…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-06-06 Yuan Tseng , Titouan Parcollet , Rogier van Dalen , Shucong Zhang , Sourav Bhattacharya

Deception detection has attracted increasing attention due to its importance in real-world scenarios. Its main goal is to detect deceptive behaviors from multimodal clues such as gestures, facial expressions, prosody, etc. However, these…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-14 Kang Chen , Zheng Lian , Haiyang Sun , Rui Liu , Jiangyan Yi , Bin Liu , Jianhua Tao

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown powerful performance and development prospects and are widely deployed in the real world. However, LLMs can capture social biases from unprocessed training data and propagate the biases to downstream…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-22 Yingji Li , Mengnan Du , Rui Song , Xin Wang , Ying Wang