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Instantaneous quantum polynomial quantum circuit Born machines (IQP-QCBMs) have been proposed as quantum generative models with a classically tractable training objective based on the maximum mean discrepancy (MMD) and a potential quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-16 Kevin Shen , Susanne Pielawa , Vedran Dunjko , Hao Wang

We train an instantaneous quantum polynomial-time (IQP) Born machine on real high-energy-physics calorimeter shower images at $64$ qubits and compile the trained model into a single sampling-hard IQP circuit for quantum deployment. The…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-28 Jamal Slim , Saverio Monaco , Florian Rehm , Dirk Krücker , Kerstin Borras

Generative modeling is one of the most promising applications of quantum machine learning, yet training and deploying Quantum Generative Models (QGMs) on near-term hardware remains effectively intractable due to prohibitive gradient…

Quantum Generative Modelling (QGM) relies on preparing quantum states and generating samples from these states as hidden - or known - probability distributions. As distributions from some classes of quantum states (circuits) are inherently…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-10-09 Sachin Kasture , Oleksandr Kyriienko , Vincent E. Elfving

The instantaneous quantum polynomial (IQP) quantum circuit Born machine (QCBM) has been proposed as a promising quantum generative model over bitstrings. Recent works have shown that the training of IQP-QCBM is classically tractable w.r.t.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-10 Andrii Kurkin , Kevin Shen , Susanne Pielawa , Hao Wang , Vedran Dunjko

In a series of recent works, an interesting quantum generative model based on parameterized instantaneous polynomial quantum (IQP) circuits has emerged as they can be trained efficiently classically using any loss function that depends only…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-04-09 Andrii Kurkin , Kevin Shen , Susanne Pielawa , Hao Wang , Vedran Dunjko

We study a practical question in generative quantum machine learning: given a classical dataset, can we determine, before training, whether it is well suited to a quantum generative model? We focus on a class of quantum circuits known as…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-06 Chen-Yu Liu , Leonardo Placidi , Eric Brunner , Enrico Rinaldi

In machine learning, overparameterization is associated with qualitative changes in the empirical risk landscape, which can lead to more efficient training dynamics. For many parameterized models used in statistical learning, there exists a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-07-11 Andrea Delgado , Francisco Rios , Kathleen E. Hamilton

The quantum circuit Born machine (QCBM) is a quantum physics inspired implicit generative model naturally suitable for learning binary images, with a potential advantage of modeling discrete distributions that are hard to simulate…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-11-21 Pengyuan Zhai

Quantum Circuit Born Machines (QCBMs) are powerful quantum generative models that sample according to the Born rule, with complexity-theoretic evidence suggesting potential quantum advantages for generative tasks. Here, we identify QCBMs as…

Generalizing from finite samples to unseen valid states is central to discrete generative modeling. In a controlled, exactly enumerable setting, we test whether parity losses, commonly used for tractable Instantaneous Quantum…

The search for an application of near-term quantum devices is widespread. Quantum Machine Learning is touted as a potential utilisation of such devices, particularly those which are out of the reach of the simulation capabilities of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-04-28 Brian Coyle , Daniel Mills , Vincent Danos , Elham Kashefi

Quantum circuit Born machines are generative models which represent the probability distribution of classical dataset as quantum pure states. Computational complexity considerations of the quantum sampling problem suggest that the quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-12-21 Jin-Guo Liu , Lei Wang

Modeling probability distributions via the wave function of a quantum state is central to quantum-inspired generative modeling and quantum state tomography (QST). We investigate a common failure mode in training randomly initialized matrix…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2025-05-13 Xun Tang , Yuehaw Khoo , Lexing Ying

Parameterized quantum circuits (PQCs) have emerged as a foundational element in the development and applications of quantum algorithms. However, when initialized with random parameter values, PQCs often exhibit barren plateaus (BP). These…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-07-02 Muhammad Kashif , Muhammad Rashid , Saif Al-Kuwari , Muhammad Shafique

Instantaneous quantum polynomial time (IQP) is a model of (probably) non-universal quantum computation. Since it has been proven that IQP circuits are unlikely to be simulated classically up to a multiplicative error and an error in the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-01-10 Yuki Takeuchi , Yasuhiro Takahashi

Quantum generative models based on instantaneous quantum polynomial (IQP) circuits show great promise in learning complex distributions while maintaining classical trainability. However, current implementations suffer from two key…

Quantum generative models provide inherently efficient sampling strategies and thus show promise for achieving an advantage using quantum hardware. In this work, we investigate the barriers to the trainability of quantum generative models…

Sampling from the output distributions of quantum computations comprising only commuting gates, known as instantaneous quantum polynomial (IQP) computations, is believed to be intractable for classical computers, and hence this task has…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-03-07 Joel Rajakumar , James D. Watson , Yi-Kai Liu

Quantum machine learning is a promising field for efficiently learning features of a dataset to perform a specified task, such as classification. Interval bound propagation (IBP) is a popular certified training method in classical machine…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-04 Emma Andrews , Nahyeon Kim , Prabhat Mishra
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