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Smart contracts written in Solidity are programs used in blockchain networks, such as Etherium, for performing transactions. However, as with any piece of software, they are prone to errors and may present vulnerabilities, which malicious…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2021-11-29 Kunjian Song , Nedas Matulevicius , Eddie B. de Lima Filho , Lucas C. Cordeiro

Smart contracts are essential for managing digital assets in blockchain networks, highlighting the need for effective security measures. This paper introduces SmartLLMSentry, a novel framework that leverages large language models (LLMs),…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-12-02 Oualid Zaazaa , Hanan El Bakkali

Smart contracts are decentralized applications built atop blockchains like Ethereum. Recent research has shown that large language models (LLMs) have potential in auditing smart contracts, but the state-of-the-art indicates that even GPT-4…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-09-17 Wei Ma , Daoyuan Wu , Yuqiang Sun , Tianwen Wang , Shangqing Liu , Jian Zhang , Yue Xue , Yang Liu

As the Ethereum platform continues to mature and gain widespread usage, it is crucial to maintain high standards of smart contract writing practices. While bad practices in smart contracts may not directly lead to security issues, they…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Xiaoqi Li , Zongwei Li , Wenkai Li , Yuqing Zhang , Xin Wang

The immutable nature of blockchain technology, while revolutionary, introduces significant security challenges, particularly in smart contracts. These security issues can lead to substantial financial losses. Current tools and approaches…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-11-05 Zhiyuan Wei , Jing Sun , Zijiang Zhang , Xianhao Zhang , Meng Li , Zhe Hou

Smart contract vulnerability detection remains a major challenge in blockchain security. Existing vulnerability detection methods face two main issues: (1) Existing datasets lack comprehensive coverage and high-quality explanations for…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-24 Lei Yu , Zhirong Huang , Hang Yuan , Shiqi Cheng , Li Yang , Fengjun Zhang , Chenjie Shen , Jiajia Ma , Jingyuan Zhang , Junyi Lu , Chun Zuo

This paper provides a systematic analysis of the opportunities, challenges, and potential solutions of harnessing Large Language Models (LLMs) such as GPT-4 to dig out vulnerabilities within smart contracts based on our ongoing research.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-10-18 Sihao Hu , Tiansheng Huang , Fatih İlhan , Selim Furkan Tekin , Ling Liu

Smart contracts automate the management of high-value assets, where vulnerabilities can lead to catastrophic financial losses. This challenge is amplified in Large Language Models (LLMs) by two interconnected failures: they operate as…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Lei Yu , Jingyuan Zhang , Xin Wang , Jiajia Ma , Li Yang , Fengjun Zhang

Smart contracts, as a key component of blockchain technology, play a crucial role in ensuring the automation of transactions and adherence to protocol rules. However, smart contracts are susceptible to security vulnerabilities, which, if…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-02-20 Yuying Du , Xueyan Tang

An important problem in smart contract security is understanding the likelihood and criticality of discovered, or potential, weaknesses in contracts. In this paper we provide a summary of Ethereum smart contract audits performed for 23…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2020-01-13 Alex Groce , Josselin Feist , Gustavo Grieco , Michael Colburn

Due to the modern relevance of blockchain technology, smart contracts present both substantial risks and benefits. Vulnerabilities within them can trigger a cascade of consequences, resulting in significant losses. Many current papers…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-09-15 Abhinav Jain , Ehan Masud , Michelle Han , Rohan Dhillon , Sumukh Rao , Arya Joshi , Salar Cheema , Saurav Kumar

Smart contracts are prone to various vulnerabilities, leading to substantial financial losses over time. Current analysis tools mainly target vulnerabilities with fixed control or data-flow patterns, such as re-entrancy and integer…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-05-07 Yuqiang Sun , Daoyuan Wu , Yue Xue , Han Liu , Haijun Wang , Zhengzi Xu , Xiaofei Xie , Yang Liu

Smart contracts are small programs on the blockchain that often handle valuable assets. Vulnerabilities in smart contracts can be costly, as time has shown over and over again. Countermeasures are high in demand and include best practice…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-05-03 Monika di Angelo , Gernot Salzer

Hackers may create malicious solidity programs and deploy it in the Ethereum block chain. These malicious smart contracts try to attack legitimate programs by exploiting its vulnerabilities such as reentrancy, tx.origin attack, bad…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-12-10 Roopak Surendran

Large Language Models (LLMs) are being used more and more for various coding tasks, including to help coders identify bugs and are a promising avenue to support coders in various tasks including vulnerability detection -- particularly given…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Ignacio Mariano Andreozzi Pofcher , Joshua Ellul

In this paper, we present a challenging code reasoning task: vulnerability detection. Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown promising results in natural-language and math reasoning, but state-of-the-art (SOTA) models reported only 54.5%…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-01-09 Benjamin Steenhoek , Md Mahbubur Rahman , Monoshi Kumar Roy , Mirza Sanjida Alam , Hengbo Tong , Swarna Das , Earl T. Barr , Wei Le

Smart contracts, predominantly written in Solidity and deployed on blockchains such as Ethereum, are immutable after deployment, making functional correctness critical. However, existing evaluations of Solidity code generation rely largely…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-01-28 Zaoyu Chen , Haoran Qin , Nuo Chen , Xiangyu Zhao , Lei Xue , Xiapu Luo , Xiao-Ming Wu

Smart contracts, self-executing agreements directly encoded in code, are fundamental to blockchain technology, especially in decentralized finance (DeFi) and Web3. However, the rise of Ponzi schemes in smart contracts poses significant…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-12-19 Cong Wu , Jing Chen , Ziwei Wang , Ruichao Liang , Ruiying Du

With the rapid growth of blockchain technology, smart contracts are now crucial to Decentralized Finance (DeFi) applications. Effective vulnerability detection is vital for securing these contracts against hackers and enhancing the accuracy…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-12-25 Jango Zhang

Vulnerability detection and safety of smart contracts are of paramount importance because of their immutable nature. Symbolic tools like OYENTE and MAIAN are typically used for vulnerability prediction in smart contracts. As these tools are…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2020-04-02 Ajay K. Gogineni , S. Swayamjyoti , Devadatta Sahoo , Kisor K. Sahu , Raj kishore