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This paper introduces a method for detecting vulnerabilities in smart contracts using static analysis and a multi-objective optimization algorithm. We focus on four types of vulnerabilities: reentrancy, call stack overflow, integer…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-10-02 Dongcheng Li , W. Eric Wong , Xiaodan Wang , Sean Pan , Liang-Seng Koh

Smart contracts are a key component of the Web 3.0 ecosystem, widely applied in blockchain services and decentralized applications. However, the automated execution feature of smart contracts makes them vulnerable to potential attacks due…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-05-26 Yanli Jin , Chunpei Li , Peng Fan , Peng Liu , Xianxian Li , Chen Liu , Wangjie Qiu

In the growing field of blockchain technology, smart contracts exist as transformative digital agreements that execute transactions autonomously in decentralised networks. However, these contracts face challenges in the form of security…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-07-12 Christopher De Baets , Basem Suleiman , Armin Chitizadeh , Imran Razzak

Smart contracts are self-executing programs on blockchain platforms like Ethereum, which have revolutionized decentralized finance by enabling trustless transactions and the operation of decentralized applications. Despite their potential,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-03-25 Gerardo Iuliano , Dario Di Nucci

Ethereum has become a widely used platform to enable secure, Blockchain-based financial and business transactions. However, many identified bugs and vulnerabilities in smart contracts have led to serious financial losses, which raises…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-07-06 Zhipeng Gao

Decentralized applications (DApps) face significant security risks due to vulnerabilities in smart contracts, with traditional detection methods struggling to address emerging and machine-unauditable flaws. This paper proposes a novel…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Jiuyang Bu , Wenkai Li , Zongwei Li , Zeng Zhang , Xiaoqi Li

The rise of blockchain has brought smart contracts into mainstream use, creating a demand for smart contract generation tools. While large language models (LLMs) excel at generating code in general-purpose languages, their effectiveness on…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-01-14 Zhifan Ye , Jiachi Chen , Zhenzhe Shao , Lingfeng Bao , Xiaohu Yang , Zhongxin Liu

Context: Traditional software security analysis methods struggle to keep pace with the scale and complexity of modern codebases, requiring intelligent automation to detect, assess, and remediate vulnerabilities more efficiently and…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-01-14 Shaznin Sultana , Sadia Afreen , Nasir U. Eisty

With the increasing security issues in blockchain, smart contract vulnerability detection has become a research focus. Existing vulnerability detection methods have their limitations: 1) Static analysis methods struggle with complex…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-07-31 Lei Yu , Shiqi Cheng , Zhirong Huang , Jingyuan Zhang , Chenjie Shen , Junyi Lu , Li Yang , Fengjun Zhang , Jiajia Ma

Smart contracts are essential to decentralized finance (DeFi) and blockchain ecosystems but are increasingly vulnerable to exploits due to coding errors and complex attack vectors. Traditional static analysis tools and existing…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-02-20 Jun Kevin , Pujianto Yugopuspito

Poorly designed smart contracts are particularly vulnerable, as they may allow attackers to exploit weaknesses and steal the virtual currency they manage. In this study, we train a model using unsupervised learning to identify…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-04-15 Hong-Sheng Huang , Jen-Yi Ho , Hao-Wen Chen , Hung-Min Sun

The large-scale deployment of Solidity smart contracts on the Ethereum mainnet has increasingly attracted financially-motivated attackers in recent years. A few now-infamous attacks in Ethereum's history includes DAO attack in 2016 (50…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-10-29 Md Tauseef Alam , Raju Halder , Abyayananda Maiti

Smart contracts are immutable, verifiable, and autonomous pieces of code that can be deployed and ran on blockchain networks like Ethereum. Due to the immutability nature of blockchain, no change is possible on a deployed smart contract or…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2019-12-25 Erfan Andesta , Fathiyeh Faghih , Mahdi Fooladgar

Ensuring the correctness of smart contracts is critical, as even subtle flaws can lead to severe financial losses. While bug detection tools able to spot common vulnerability patterns can serve as a first line of defense, most real-world…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-12 Massimo Bartoletti , Enrico Lipparini , Livio Pompianu

Symbolic analysis of security exploits in smart contracts has demonstrated to be valuable for analyzing predefined vulnerability properties. While some symbolic tools perform complex analysis steps, they require a predetermined invocation…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-06-10 Wesley Joon-Wie Tann , Xing Jie Han , Sourav Sen Gupta , Yew-Soon Ong

Smart contracts have been increasingly used together with blockchains to automate financial and business transactions. However, many bugs and vulnerabilities have been identified in many contracts which raises serious concerns about smart…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2020-05-21 Zhipeng Gao , Lingxiao Jiang , Xin Xia , David Lo , John Grundy

Smart contract security has progressed from vulnerability detection toward a broader research agenda that includes semantic reasoning, automated repair, adversarial robustness, and real-time exploit detection. This paper develops a…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Tamer Abdelaziz

Smart contracts have emerged as key components within decentralized environments, enabling the automation of transactions through self-executing programs. While these innovations offer significant advantages, they also present potential…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-17 Biagio Boi , Christian Esposito

The recent emergence of multimodal large language models (LLMs) has introduced new opportunities for improving visual hazard recognition on construction sites. Unlike traditional computer vision models that rely on domain-specific training…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Nishi Chaudhary , S M Jamil Uddin , Sathvik Sharath Chandra , Anto Ovid , Alex Albert

Smart contracts deployed on blockchain platforms are vulnerable to various security vulnerabilities. However, only a small number of Ethereum contracts have released their source code, so vulnerability detection at the bytecode level is…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Jiuyang Bu , Wenkai Li , Zongwei Li , Zeng Zhang , Xiaoqi Li