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Vision-Language Models (VLMs) have recently emerged as powerful tools, excelling in tasks that integrate visual and textual comprehension, such as image captioning, visual question answering, and image-text retrieval. However, existing…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-26 Ilias Stogiannidis , Steven McDonagh , Sotirios A. Tsaftaris

Vision language models (VLMs) perform well on many tasks but often fail at spatial reasoning, which is essential for navigation and interaction with physical environments. Many spatial reasoning tasks depend on fundamental two-dimensional…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-03 Yihong Tang , Ao Qu , Zhaokai Wang , Dingyi Zhuang , Zhaofeng Wu , Wei Ma , Shenhao Wang , Yunhan Zheng , Zhan Zhao , Jinhua Zhao

Humans build viewpoint-independent cognitive maps through navigation, enabling intuitive reasoning about object permanence and spatial relations. We argue that multimodal large language models (MLLMs), despite extensive video training, lack…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Jacob Thompson , Emiliano Garcia-Lopez , Yonatan Bisk

Exploration is essential for general-purpose robotic learning, especially in open-ended environments where dense rewards, explicit goals, or task-specific supervision are scarce. Vision-language models (VLMs), with their semantic reasoning…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-09-12 Seungjae Lee , Daniel Ekpo , Haowen Liu , Furong Huang , Abhinav Shrivastava , Jia-Bin Huang

Spatial Reasoning is an important component of human cognition and is an area in which the latest Vision-language models (VLMs) show signs of difficulty. The current analysis works use image captioning tasks and visual question answering.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-10 Akshar Tumu , Parisa Kordjamshidi

Not yet. We present SPACE, a benchmark that systematically evaluates spatial cognition in frontier models. Our benchmark builds on decades of research in cognitive science. It evaluates large-scale mapping abilities that are brought to bear…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-04-21 Santhosh Kumar Ramakrishnan , Erik Wijmans , Philipp Kraehenbuehl , Vladlen Koltun

While Visual Large Language Models (VLLMs) show great promise as embodied agents, they continue to face substantial challenges in spatial reasoning. Existing embodied benchmarks largely focus on passive, static household environments and…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-11-24 Yifan Li , Lichi Li , Anh Dao , Xinyu Zhou , Yicheng Qiao , Zheda Mai , Daeun Lee , Zichen Chen , Zhen Tan , Mohit Bansal , Yu Kong

Vision-language models (VLMs) are essential to Embodied AI, enabling robots to perceive, reason, and act in complex environments. They also serve as the foundation for the recent Vision-Language-Action (VLA) models. Yet most evaluations of…

Vision-language models (VLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities in understanding and reasoning about visual content, but significant challenges persist in tasks requiring cross-viewpoint understanding and spatial reasoning. We…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-01 Dingming Li , Hongxing Li , Zixuan Wang , Yuchen Yan , Hang Zhang , Siqi Chen , Guiyang Hou , Shengpei Jiang , Wenqi Zhang , Yongliang Shen , Weiming Lu , Yueting Zhuang

Spatial Reasoning is an important component of human cognition and is an area in which the latest Vision-language models (VLMs) show signs of difficulty. The current analysis works use image captioning tasks and visual question answering.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Akshar Tumu , Varad Shinde , Parisa Kordjamshidi

End-to-end autonomous driving methods built on vision language models (VLMs) have undergone rapid development driven by their universal visual understanding and strong reasoning capabilities obtained from the large-scale pretraining.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-22 Peizheng Li , Zhenghao Zhang , David Holtz , Hang Yu , Yutong Yang , Yuzhi Lai , Rui Song , Andreas Geiger , Andreas Zell

World models - generative models that simulate environment dynamics conditioned on past observations and actions - are gaining prominence in planning, simulation, and embodied AI. However, evaluating their rollouts remains a fundamental…

Vision Language Models (VLMs) demonstrate significant potential as embodied AI agents for various mobility applications. However, a standardized, closed-loop benchmark for evaluating their spatial reasoning and sequential decision-making…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-01-17 Weizhen Wang , Chenda Duan , Zhenghao Peng , Yuxin Liu , Bolei Zhou

Spatial cognition is essential for human intelligence, enabling problem-solving through visual simulations rather than solely relying on verbal reasoning. However, existing AI benchmarks primarily assess verbal reasoning, neglecting the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-06-06 Linjie Li , Mahtab Bigverdi , Jiawei Gu , Zixian Ma , Yinuo Yang , Ziang Li , Yejin Choi , Ranjay Krishna

Vision-language navigation requires agents to reason and act under constraints of embodiment. While vision-language models (VLMs) demonstrate strong generalization, current benchmarks provide limited understanding of how embodiment -- i.e.,…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-12-23 Tin Stribor Sohn , Maximilian Dillitzer , Jason J. Corso , Eric Sax

Vision-Language Models (VLMs) have advanced rapidly in multimodal perception and language understanding, yet it remains unclear whether they can reliably ground language into spatially coherent, plausibly executable actions in 3D digital…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Niyati Rawal , Sushant Ravva , Shah Alam Abir , Saksham Jain , Aman Chadha , Vinija Jain , Suranjana Trivedy , Amitava Das

Embodied agents operating in the physical world must make decisions that are not only effective but also safe, spatially coherent, and grounded in context. While recent advances in large multimodal models (LMMs) have shown promising…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-23 Dinura Dissanayake , Ahmed Heakl , Omkar Thawakar , Noor Ahsan , Ritesh Thawkar , Ketan More , Jean Lahoud , Rao Anwer , Hisham Cholakkal , Ivan Laptev , Fahad Shahbaz Khan , Salman Khan

Despite recent successes, test-time scaling - i.e., dynamically expanding the token budget during inference as needed - remains brittle for vision-language models (VLMs): unstructured chains-of-thought about images entangle perception and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-11 Niccolo Avogaro , Nayanika Debnath , Li Mi , Thomas Frick , Junling Wang , Zexue He , Hang Hua , Konrad Schindler , Mattia Rigotti

Most existing spatial reasoning benchmarks focus on static or globally observable environments, failing to capture the challenges of long-horizon reasoning and memory utilization under partial observability and dynamic changes. We introduce…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-27 Pukun Zhao , Longxiang Wang , Miaowei Wang , Chen Chen , Fanqing Zhou , Haojian Huang

Embodied intelligence fundamentally requires a capability to determine where to act in 3D space. We formalize this requirement as embodied localization -- the problem of predicting executable 3D points conditioned on visual observations and…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-03-31 Qiming Zhu , Zhirui Fang , Tianming Zhang , Chuanxiu Liu , Xiaoke Jiang , Lei Zhang