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The automorphism group of a one dimensional shift space over a finite alphabet exhibits different types of behavior: for a large class with positive entropy, it contains a rich collection of subgroups, while for many shifts of zero entropy,…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2017-08-11 Van Cyr , John Franks , Bryna Kra

A description of the endomorphisms of semidirect products of two groups as a group of $2\times 2$ matrices of maps is already known. Using this description, we have studied the concept of determinant for the endomorphisms of semidirect…

Group Theory · Mathematics 2025-07-25 Ratan Lal , Alka Choudhary , Vipul Kakkar

The finite groups having an indecomposable polynomial invariant whose degree is at least half of the order of the group are classified. Apart from four sporadic exceptions these are exactly the groups having a cyclic subgroup of index at…

Representation Theory · Mathematics 2013-12-31 K. Cziszter , M. Domokos

A group is known as `large' if some finite index subgroup admits a surjective homomorphism onto a non-abelian free group. In this paper, we give a necessary and sufficient condition for a finitely presented group to be large, in terms of…

Group Theory · Mathematics 2007-05-23 Marc Lackenby

In this note we determine the finite groups that can be written as the union of any three irredundant/distinct proper subgroups. The finite groups that can uniquely be written as the union of three proper subgroups are also characterized.

Group Theory · Mathematics 2018-05-31 Marius Tărnăuceanu

Using the theory of group action, we first introduce the concept of the automorphism group of an exponential family or a graphical model, thus formalizing the general notion of symmetry of a probabilistic model. This automorphism group…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2012-07-24 Hung Hai Bui , Tuyen N. Huynh , Sebastian Riedel

It is shown, for a given graph group $G$, that the fixed point subgroup Fix$\,\varphi$ is finitely generated for every endomorphism $\varphi$ of $G$ if and only if $G$ is a free product of free abelian groups. The same conditions hold for…

Group Theory · Mathematics 2013-10-29 Emanuele Rodaro , Pedro V. Silva , Mihalis Sykiotis

We consider two families of subgroups of a group. Each subgroup which belongs to one family is contained in some subgroup which belongs to the other family. We then discuss relations of relative hyperbolicity for the group with respect to…

Group Theory · Mathematics 2013-01-18 Yoshifumi Matsuda , Shin-ichi Oguni , Saeko Yamagata

An m-endomorphism of a free semigroup is an endomorphism that sends every generator to a word of length at most m. Two m-endomorphisms are combinatorially equivalent if they are conjugate under an automorphism of the semigroup. In this…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2016-06-08 Louis Rubin , Brian Rushton

McCarthy's Theorem for the mapping class group of a closed hyperbolic surface states that for any two mapping classes $\sigma,\tau \in \mathrm{Mod}(S)$ there is some power $N$ such that the group $\langle \sigma^N,\tau^N\rangle$ is either…

Group Theory · Mathematics 2018-10-12 Edgar A. Bering

A 2-group is a "categorified" version of a group, in which the underlying set G has been replaced by a category and the multiplication map has been replaced by a functor. Various versions of this notion have already been explored; our goal…

Quantum Algebra · Mathematics 2007-05-23 John C. Baez , Aaron D. Lauda

We first show that every group-theoretical category is graded by a certain double coset ring. As a consequence, we obtain a necessary and sufficient condition for a group-theoretical category to be nilpotent. We then give an explicit…

Quantum Algebra · Mathematics 2010-01-08 Shlomo Gelaki , Deepak Naidu

Entropy can signify different things: For instance, heat transfer in thermodynamics or a measure of information in data analysis. Many entropies have been introduced and it can be difficult to ascertain their different importance and…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2025-07-10 Henrik Jeldtoft Jensen , Piergiulio Tempesta

The action of any group on itself by conjugation and the corresponding conjugacy relation play an important role in group theory. There have been several attempts to extend the notion of conjugacy to semigroups. In this paper, we present a…

Group Theory · Mathematics 2017-06-23 João Araújo , Janusz Konieczny , António Malheiro

Following Isaacs (see [Isa08, p. 94]), we call a normal subgroup N of a finite group G large, if $C_G(N) \leq N$, so that N has bounded index in G. Our principal aim here is to establish some general results for systematically producing…

Group Theory · Mathematics 2019-06-18 Stefanos Aivazidis , Thomas W. Müller

This is a survey of recent progress in several areas of combinatorial algebra. We consider combinatorial problems about free groups, polynomial algebras, free associative and Lie algebras. Our main idea is to study automorphisms and, more…

Group Theory · Mathematics 2016-09-07 Alexander A. Mikhalev , Vladimir Shpilrain , Jie-Tai Yu

Given a finitely generated subgroup $H$ of a free group $F$, we present an algorithm which computes $g_1,\ldots,g_m\in F$, such that the set of elements $g\in F$, for which there exists a non-trivial $H$-equation having $g$ as a solution,…

Group Theory · Mathematics 2023-05-12 Amnon Rosenmann , Enric Ventura Capell

The notion of a tensor product with projections or with inclusions is defined. It is shown that the definition of stochastic independence relies on such a structure and that independence can be defined in an arbitrary category with a tensor…

Quantum Algebra · Mathematics 2021-04-21 Uwe Franz

We give elementary proofs of the following two theorems on automorphisms of a finite group G: (1) An automorphism of G is inner if and only if it extends to an automorphism of every finite group containing G. (2) There exists a finite…

Group Theory · Mathematics 2024-05-07 Benjamin Sambale

Let $G$ be a finite $p$-group and let Aut$(G)$ denote the full automorphism group of $G$. In the recent past, there has been interest in finding necessary and sufficient conditions on $G$ such that certain subgroups of Aut$(G)$ are equal.…

Group Theory · Mathematics 2014-07-03 Deepak Gumber , Hemant Kalra