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The architecture of a deep neural network is defined explicitly in terms of the number of layers, the width of each layer and the general network topology. Existing optimisation frameworks neglect this information in favour of implicit…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-04-12 Jeremy Bernstein , Chris Mingard , Kevin Huang , Navid Azizan , Yisong Yue

Momentum-based acceleration of stochastic gradient descent (SGD) is widely used in deep learning. We propose the quasi-hyperbolic momentum algorithm (QHM) as an extremely simple alteration of momentum SGD, averaging a plain SGD step with a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-05-03 Jerry Ma , Denis Yarats

Deep learning algorithms - typically consisting of a class of deep neural networks trained by a stochastic gradient descent (SGD) optimization method - are nowadays the key ingredients in many artificial intelligence (AI) systems and have…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-12 Steffen Dereich , Robin Graeber , Arnulf Jentzen

Primal-dual methods for solving convex optimization problems with functional constraints often exhibit a distinct two-stage behavior. Initially, they converge towards a solution at a sublinear rate. Then, after a certain point, the method…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-02-12 Mateo Díaz , Pedro Izquierdo Lehmann , Haihao Lu , Jinwen Yang

This paper provides the first tight convergence analyses for RMSProp and Adam in non-convex optimization under the most relaxed assumptions of coordinate-wise generalized smoothness and affine noise variance. We first analyze RMSProp, which…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-03-11 Qi Zhang , Yi Zhou , Shaofeng Zou

The Adam optimizer is a cornerstone of modern deep learning, yet the empirical necessity of each of its individual components is often taken for granted. This paper presents a focused investigation into the role of bias-correction, a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-27 Sam Laing , Antonio Orvieto

We introduce a novel algorithm for gradient-based optimization of stochastic objective functions. The method may be seen as a variant of SGD with momentum equipped with an adaptive learning rate automatically adjusted by an 'energy'…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2022-03-24 Hailiang Liu , Xuping Tian

Following the introduction of Adam, several novel adaptive optimizers for deep learning have been proposed. These optimizers typically excel in some tasks but may not outperform Adam uniformly across all tasks. In this work, we introduce…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-18 Kaan Ozkara , Can Karakus , Parameswaran Raman , Mingyi Hong , Shoham Sabach , Branislav Kveton , Volkan Cevher

Adam is a widely used optimization method for training deep learning models. It computes individual adaptive learning rates for different parameters. In this paper, we propose a generalization of Adam, called Adambs, that allows us to also…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-10-27 Rui Liu , Tianyi Wu , Barzan Mozafari

Establishing a fast rate of convergence for optimization methods is crucial to their applicability in practice. With the increasing popularity of deep learning over the past decade, stochastic gradient descent and its adaptive variants…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2022-01-03 Adityanarayanan Radhakrishnan , Mikhail Belkin , Caroline Uhler

A crucial component of machine learning algorithms is minimizing loss functions with less computational cost and less oscillations. While adaptive learning rate-based optimizers have been widely used for real-world tasks, they do not…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Sakshi Kumari , Shyam Kumar M , Sushmitha P

Adaptive gradient methods have become popular in optimizing deep neural networks; recent examples include AdaGrad and Adam. Although Adam usually converges faster, variations of Adam, for instance, the AdaBelief algorithm, have been…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-29 Kushal Chakrabarti , Nikhil Chopra

Despite the wide applications of Adam in reinforcement learning (RL), the theoretical convergence of Adam-type RL algorithms has not been established. This paper provides the first such convergence analysis for two fundamental RL algorithms…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-08-18 Huaqing Xiong , Tengyu Xu , Yingbin Liang , Wei Zhang

Learning rate adaptation is a popular topic in machine learning. Gradient Descent trains neural nerwork with a fixed learning rate. Learning rate adaptation is proposed to accelerate the training process through adjusting the step size in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-20 Bozhou Chen , Hongzhi Wang , Chenmin Ba

We introduce Velocity-Regularized Adam (VRAdam), a physics-inspired optimizer for training deep neural networks that draws on ideas from quartic terms for kinetic energy with its stabilizing effects on various system dynamics. Previous…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-13 Pranav Vaidhyanathan , Lucas Schorling , Natalia Ares , Michael A. Osborne

Optimization is essential in deep learning. The foundational method upon which most optimizers are built is momentum-based stochastic gradient descent. However, it suffers from two key drawbacks. First, it has noisy and varying gradients,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-22 Saurabh Saini , Kapil Ahuja , Thomas Wick , Saurav Kumar

It is known that the standard stochastic gradient descent (SGD) optimization method, as well as accelerated and adaptive SGD optimization methods such as the Adam optimizer fail to converge if the learning rates do not converge to zero (as,…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-06-21 Steffen Dereich , Arnulf Jentzen , Adrian Riekert

We introduce a general method for improving the convergence rate of gradient-based optimizers that is easy to implement and works well in practice. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the method in a range of optimization problems by…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-08-23 Atilim Gunes Baydin , Robert Cornish , David Martinez Rubio , Mark Schmidt , Frank Wood

The Adam optimizer is widely used for transformer optimization in practice, which makes understanding the underlying optimization mechanisms an important problem. However, due to the Adam's complexity, theoretical analysis of how it…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-04 Bingrui Li , Wei Huang , Andi Han , Zhanpeng Zhou , Taiji Suzuki , Jun Zhu , Jianfei Chen

Stochastic Gradient Descent (SGD) and its variants are the most used algorithms in machine learning applications. In particular, SGD with adaptive learning rates and momentum is the industry standard to train deep networks. Despite the…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-07-29 Xiaoyu Li , Francesco Orabona