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Machine learning models deployed on edge devices have enabled numerous exciting new applications, such as humanoid robots, AR glasses, and autonomous vehicles. However, the computing resources available on these edge devices are not…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-15 Jinjie Liu , Hang Qiu

Tiny machine learning (TinyML) has gained widespread popularity where machine learning (ML) is democratized on ubiquitous microcontrollers, processing sensor data everywhere in real-time. To manage TinyML in the industry, where mass…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-02-21 Haoyu Ren , Darko Anicic , Thomas Runkler

We present EnergyLens, an end-to-end framework for energy-aware large language model (LLM) inference optimization. As LLMs scale, predicting and reducing their energy footprint has become critical for sustainability and datacenter…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-15 Zhiye Song , Kyungmi Lee , Eun Kyung Lee , Xin Zhang , Tamar Eilam , Anantha P. Chandrakasan

The deployment of ML models on edge devices is challenged by limited computational resources and energy availability. While split computing enables the decomposition of large neural networks (NNs) and allows partial computation on both edge…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-11-01 Daniel May , Alessandro Tundo , Shashikant Ilager , Ivona Brandic

The applications of artificial intelligence (AI) are rapidly evolving, and they are also commonly used in safety-critical domains, such as autonomous driving and medical diagnosis, where functional safety is paramount. In AI-driven systems,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-12 Soyed Tuhin Ahmed , Michael Hefenbrock , Mehdi B. Tahoori

The emergence of Tiny Machine Learning (TinyML) has positively revolutionized the field of Artificial Intelligence by promoting the joint design of resource-constrained IoT hardware devices and their learning-based software architectures.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-09-27 Luigi Capogrosso , Federico Cunico , Dong Seon Cheng , Franco Fummi , Marco Cristani

Sensing systems powered by energy harvesting have traditionally been designed to tolerate long periods without energy. As the Internet of Things (IoT) evolves towards a more transient and opportunistic execution paradigm, reducing energy…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-01-05 Andres Gomez , Andreas Tretter , Pascal Alexander Hager , Praveenth Sanmugarajah , Luca Benini , Lothar Thiele

Time series classification (TSC) on extreme edge devices represents a stepping stone towards intelligent sensor nodes that preserve user privacy and offer real-time predictions. Resource-constrained devices require efficient TinyML…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-10-24 Cristian Cioflan , Jose Fonseca , Xiaying Wang , Luca Benini

Tiny machine learning (TinyML) in IoT systems exploits MCUs as edge devices for data processing. However, traditional TinyML methods can only perform inference, limited to static environments or classes. Real case scenarios usually work in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-09-02 Alessandro Avi , Andrea Albanese , Davide Brunelli

TinyML has made deploying deep learning models on low-power edge devices feasible, creating new opportunities for real-time perception in constrained environments. However, the adaptability of such deep learning methods remains limited to…

Traditional ML inference is evolving toward modeless inference, which abstracts the complexity of model selection from users, allowing the system to automatically choose the most appropriate model for each request based on accuracy and…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-01-16 ChonLam Lao , Jiaqi Gao , Ganesh Ananthanarayanan , Aditya Akella , Minlan Yu

Tiny Machine Learning (TinyML) is an upsurging research field that proposes to democratize the use of Machine Learning and Deep Learning on highly energy-efficient frugal Microcontroller Units. Considering the general assumption that TinyML…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-15 Visal Rajapakse , Ishan Karunanayake , Nadeem Ahmed

Machine learning (ML) is moving towards edge devices. However, ML models with high computational demands and energy consumption pose challenges for ML inference in resource-constrained environments, such as the deep sea. To address these…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-31 Yushan Huang , Hamed Haddadi

Microcontroller Units (MCUs) are ideal platforms for edge applications due to their low cost and energy consumption, and are widely used in various applications, including personalized machine learning tasks, where customized models can…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-02 Yushan Huang , Ranya Aloufi , Xavier Cadet , Yuchen Zhao , Payam Barnaghi , Hamed Haddadi

Deep learning inference on embedded devices is a burgeoning field with myriad applications because tiny embedded devices are omnipresent. But we must overcome major challenges before we can benefit from this opportunity. Embedded processors…

Today, deep learning optimization is primarily driven by research focused on achieving high inference accuracy and reducing latency. However, the energy efficiency aspect is often overlooked, possibly due to a lack of sustainability mindset…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2024-06-11 Xiaolong Tu , Anik Mallik , Dawei Chen , Kyungtae Han , Onur Altintas , Haoxin Wang , Jiang Xie

The advancement of technology has revolutionized the agricultural industry, transitioning it from labor-intensive farming practices to automated, AI-powered management systems. In recent years, more intelligent livestock monitoring…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-25 Qianxue Zhang , Eiman Kanjo

The focus of this paper is a proof of concept, machine learning (ML) pipeline that extracts heart rate from pressure sensor data acquired on low-power edge devices. The ML pipeline consists an upsampler neural network, a signal quality…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-08-18 Preetam Anbukarasu , Shailesh Nanisetty , Ganesh Tata , Nilanjan Ray

Large language models have significantly transformed multiple fields with their exceptional performance in natural language tasks, but their deployment in resource-constrained environments like edge networks presents an ongoing challenge.…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Aria Khoshsirat , Giovanni Perin , Michele Rossi

Most Large Language Models (LLMs) are currently deployed in the cloud, with users relying on internet connectivity for access. However, this paradigm faces challenges such as network latency, privacy concerns, and bandwidth limits. Thus,…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2025-08-14 Hao Xu , Long Peng , Shezheng Song , Xiaodong Liu , Ma Jun , Shasha Li , Jie Yu , Xiaoguang Mao