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Following Inoue et al., we define a word to be a repetition if it is a (fractional) power of exponent at least 2. A word has a repetition factorization if it is the product of repetitions. We study repetition factorizations in several…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2023-11-30 Jeffrey Shallit , Xinhao Xu

For the minimization of state-based systems (i.e. the reduction of the number of states while retaining the system's semantics), there are two obvious aspects: removing unnecessary states of the system and merging redundant states in the…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2021-11-09 Thorsten Wißmann

We show that there exists an uniformly recurrent infinite word whose set of factors is closed under reversal and which has only finitely many palindromic factors.

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2009-03-16 Jean Berstel , Luc Boasson , Olivier Carton , Isabelle Fagnot

Infinite words, also known as streams, hold significant interest in computer science and mathematics, raising the natural question of how their complexity should be measured. We introduce cellular automaton reducibility as a measure of…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2026-01-30 Markel Zubia , Herman Geuvers

I will show that there exist two binary words (one of length 4 and one of length 6) that play a special role in many different problems in combinatorics on words. They can therefore be considered \textit{the shortest interesting binary…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-02-06 Gabriele Fici

In this document we achieve exact and asymptotic enumeration of words, compositions over a finite group, and/or integer compositions characterized by local restrictions and, separately, subsequence pattern avoidance. We also count…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2019-04-19 Andrew MacFie

Counting distinct permutations with replacement, especially when involving multiple subwords, is a longstanding challenge in combinatorial analysis, with critical applications in cryptography, bioinformatics, and statistical modeling. This…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-11-27 Martin Mathew , Javier Noda

An interesting phenomenon in combinatorics on words is when every recurrent word satisfying some avoidance constraints has the same factor set as a morphic word. An early example is the Hall-Thue word, fixed point of the morphism…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-08-20 Golnaz Badkobeh , Pascal Ochem

We develop a combinatorial approach to the study of semigroups and monoids with finite presentations satisfying small overlap conditions. In contrast to existing geometric methods, our approach facilitates a sequential left-right analysis…

Rings and Algebras · Mathematics 2007-12-04 Mark Kambites

Given a finite alphabet $\Sigma$ and a right-infinite word $\bf w$ over $\Sigma$, we define the Lie complexity function $L_{\bf w}:\mathbb{N}\to \mathbb{N}$, whose value at $n$ is the number of conjugacy classes (under cyclic shift) of…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2021-02-09 Jason P. Bell , Jeffrey Shallit

In their 1938 seminal paper on symbolic dynamics, Morse and Hedlund proved that every aperiodic infinite word $x\in A^N,$ over a non empty finite alphabet $A,$ contains at least $n+1$ distinct factors of each length $n.$ They further showed…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2015-05-18 Emilie Charlier , Svetlana Puzynina , Luca Q. Zamboni

This is a detailed survey -- with rigorous and self-contained proofs -- of some of the basics of elementary combinatorics and algebra, including the properties of finite sums, binomial coefficients, permutations and determinants. It is…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2022-09-16 Darij Grinberg

We use axioms of abstract ternary relations to define the notion of a free amalgamation theory. These form a subclass of first-order theories, without the strict order property, encompassing many prominent examples of countable structures…

Logic · Mathematics 2023-11-03 Gabriel Conant

We are often interested in decomposing complex, structured data into simple components that explain the data. The linear version of this problem is well-studied as dictionary learning and factor analysis. In this work, we propose a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-29 Avrim Blum , Kavya Ravichandran

Borel and Reutenauer (2006) showed, \emph{inter alia}, that a word $w$ of length $n>1$ is conjugate to a Christoffel word if and only if for $k=0,1, \dots , n-1$, $w$ has $k+1$ distinct circular factors of length $k$. Sturmian words are the…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2018-05-30 Norman Carey , David Clampitt

We establish several results on the word problem for just infinite groups. First, for finitely generated just infinite groups we show that the word problem is uniformly decidable for presentations with recursively enumerable sets of…

Group Theory · Mathematics 2026-03-30 Alexey Talambutsa

Conrey, Farmer, Keating, Rubinstein and Snaith have given a recipe that conjecturally produces, among others, the full moment polynomial for the Riemann zeta function. The leading term of this polynomial is given as a product of a factor…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2012-04-25 Paul-Olivier Dehaye

Effective complexity measures the information content of the regularities of an object. It has been introduced by M. Gell-Mann and S. Lloyd to avoid some of the disadvantages of Kolmogorov complexity, also known as algorithmic information…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2010-11-22 Nihat Ay , Markus Mueller , Arleta Szkola

The Nyldon factorization is a string factorization that is a non-decreasing product of Nyldon words. Nyldon words and Nyldon factorizations are recently defined combinatorial objects inspired by the well-known Lyndon words and Lyndon…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2025-09-12 Kaisei Kishi , Kazuki Kai , Yuto Nakashima , Shunsuke Inenaga , Hideo Bannai

We study the positive theory of groups acting on trees and show that under the presence of weak small cancellation elements, the positive theory of the group is trivial, i.e. coincides with the positive theory of a non-abelian free group.…

Group Theory · Mathematics 2019-10-22 Montserrat Casals-Ruiz , Albert Garreta , Javier de la Nuez González