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Fault-tolerant quantum computing requires classical hardware to perform the decoding necessary for error correction. The Union-Find decoder is one of the best candidates for this. It has remarkably organic characteristics, involving the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-11-15 Tim Chan , Simon C. Benjamin

Ensuring extremely high reliability in channel coding is essential for 6G networks. The next-generation of ultra-reliable and low-latency communications (xURLLC) scenario within 6G networks requires frame error rate (FER) below $10^{-9}$.…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2024-11-18 Hee-Youl Kwak , Dae-Young Yun , Yongjune Kim , Sang-Hyo Kim , Jong-Seon No

Minimum-Weight Perfect Matching (MWPM) decoding is important to quantum error correction decoding because of its accuracy. However, many believe that it is difficult, if possible at all, to achieve the microsecond latency requirement posed…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-02-21 Yue Wu , Namitha Liyanage , Lin Zhong

Quantum error correction requires accurate and efficient decoding to optimally suppress errors in the encoded information. For concatenated codes, where one code is embedded within another, optimal decoding can be achieved using a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-05-07 Basudha Srivastava , Yinzi Xiao , Anton Frisk Kockum , Ben Criger , Mats Granath

Weakly-supervised change detection (WSCD) aims to detect pixel-level changes with only image-level annotations. Owing to its label efficiency, WSCD is drawing increasing attention recently. However, current WSCD methods often encounter the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-04-12 Zhenghui Zhao , Lixiang Ru , Chen Wu

Advancing quantum information processors and building fault-tolerant architectures rely on the ability to accurately characterize the noise sources and suppress their impact on quantum devices. In practice, noise often drifts over time,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-11-13 Devansh Bhardwaj , Evangelia Takou , Yingjia Lin , Kenneth R. Brown

Decoders of quantum error correction (QEC) experiments make decisions based on detected errors and the expected rates of error events, which together comprise a detector error model. Here we show that the syndrome history of QEC experiments…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-29 Evangelia Takou , Kenneth R. Brown

This paper considers the joint-decoding (JD) problem for finite-state channels (FSCs) and low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes. In the first part, the linear-programming (LP) decoder for binary linear codes is extended to JD of…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2015-05-27 Byung-Hak Kim , Henry D. Pfister

This paper presents Bit-Interleaved Coded Modulation metrics for joint estimation detection using training or reference signal transmission strategies for short to long block length channels. We show that it is possible to enhance the…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2025-02-11 Mody Sy , Raymond Knopp

Various realizations of Kitaev's surface code perform surprisingly well for biased Pauli noise. Attracted by these potential gains, we study the performance of Clifford-deformed surface codes (CDSCs) obtained from the surface code by…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-03-21 Arpit Dua , Aleksander Kubica , Liang Jiang , Steven T. Flammia , Michael J. Gullans

Quantum computation promises significant computational advantages over classical computation for some problems. However, quantum hardware suffers from much higher error rates than in classical hardware. As a result, extensive quantum error…

In this paper, we introduce the Union-Intersection Union-Find (UIUF) algorithm for decoding depolarizing errors in topological codes, combining the strengths of iterative and standard Union-Find (UF) decoding. While iterative UF improves…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-07-14 Tzu-Hao Lin , Ching-Yi Lai

The weighted-Hamming metric generalizes the Hamming metric by assigning different weights to blocks of coordinates. It is well-suited for applications such as coding over independent parallel channels, each of which has a different level of…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Sebastian Bitzer , Alberto Ravagnani , Violetta Weger

The realization of quantum error correction protocols whose logical error rates are suppressed far below physical error rates relies on an intricate combination: the error-correcting code's efficiency, the syndrome extraction circuit's…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-06 Andrey Boris Khesin , Jonathan Z. Lu

Products codes (PCs) are conventionally decoded with efficient iterative bounded-distance decoding (iBDD) based on hard-decision channel outputs which entails a performance loss compared to a soft-decision decoder. Recently, several hybrid…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2022-11-22 Sisi Miao , Lukas Rapp , Laurent Schmalen

We devise a new realization of the surface code on a rectangular lattice of qubits utilizing single-qubit and nearest-neighbor two-qubit Pauli measurements and three auxiliary qubits per plaquette. This realization gains substantial…

Quantum error correction (QEC) plays an essential role in fault-tolerantly realizing quantum algorithms of practical interest. Among different approaches to QEC, encoding logical quantum information in harmonic oscillator modes has been…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-12-22 Mao Lin , Christopher Chamberland , Kyungjoo Noh

Neural Normalized MinSum (N-NMS) decoding delivers better frame error rate (FER) performance on linear block codes than conventional normalized MinSum (NMS) by assigning dynamic multiplicative weights to each check-to-variable message in…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2021-07-12 Linfang Wang , Sean Chen , Jonathan Nguyen , Divsalar Dariush , Richard Wesel

Min-Sum (MS) decoding is a popular low-complexity alternative to belief propagation (BP), retaining only the minimum incoming message magnitude during check-node (CN) processing, at the cost of systematic message magnitude overestimation.…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Hernan Cordova , Alexios Balatsoukas-Stimming , Yunus Can Gültekin , Gabriele Liga , Alex Alvarado

This study focuses on the efficiency of message-passing-based decoding algorithms for polar and low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes. Both successive cancellation (SC) and belief propagation (BP) decoding algorithms are studied {in} the…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2023-04-24 Dawei Yin , Yuan Li , Xianbin Wang , Jiajie Tong , Huazi Zhang , Jun Wang , Guanghui Wang , Jun Chen , Guiying Yan , Zhiming Ma , Wen Tong