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This paper conducts a comprehensive layer-wise analysis of self-supervised learning (SSL) models for audio deepfake detection across diverse contexts, including multilingual datasets (English, Chinese, Spanish), partial, song, and…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-02-10 Yassine El Kheir , Youness Samih , Suraj Maharjan , Tim Polzehl , Sebastian Möller

Self-supervised learning (SSL) has transformed speech processing, with benchmarks such as SUPERB establishing fair comparisons across diverse downstream tasks. Despite it's security-critical importance, Audio deepfake detection has remained…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-04-10 Hashim Ali , Nithin Sai Adupa , Surya Subramani , Hafiz Malik

Self-supervised learning (SSL) speech models such as wav2vec and HuBERT have demonstrated state-of-the-art performance on automatic speech recognition (ASR) and proved to be extremely useful in low label-resource settings. However, the…

Sound · Computer Science 2023-10-05 Weiwei Lin , Chenhang He , Man-Wai Mak , Youzhi Tu

Multimodal manipulations (also known as audio-visual deepfakes) make it difficult for unimodal deepfake detectors to detect forgeries in multimedia content. To avoid the spread of false propaganda and fake news, timely detection is crucial.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-24 Sahibzada Adil Shahzad , Ammarah Hashmi , Yan-Tsung Peng , Yu Tsao , Hsin-Min Wang

In recent years, self-supervised learning (SSL) models have made significant progress in audio deepfake detection (ADD) tasks. However, existing SSL models mainly rely on large-scale real speech for pre-training and lack the learning of…

Sound · Computer Science 2025-09-05 Yunqi Hao , Yihao Chen , Minqiang Xu , Jianbo Zhan , Liang He , Lei Fang , Sian Fang , Lin Liu

Self-supervised learning (SSL) has achieved great success in speech-related tasks. While Transformer and Conformer architectures have dominated SSL backbones, encoders like Zipformer, which excel in automatic speech recognition (ASR),…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-03-25 Yifan Yang , Jianheng Zhuo , Zengrui Jin , Ziyang Ma , Xiaoyu Yang , Zengwei Yao , Liyong Guo , Wei Kang , Fangjun Kuang , Long Lin , Daniel Povey , Xie Chen

In this paper, we present our comprehensive study aimed at enhancing the generalization capabilities of audio deepfake detection models. We investigate the performance of various pre-trained backbones, including Wav2Vec2, WavLM, and…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-07-03 Jose A. Lopez , Georg Stemmer , Héctor Cordourier Maruri

Self-supervised learning (SSL) has advanced speech processing. However, existing speech SSL methods typically assume a single sampling rate and struggle with mixed-rate data due to temporal resolution mismatch. To address this limitation,…

Sound · Computer Science 2026-03-25 Zikang Huang , Meng Ge , Tianrui Wang , Xuanchen Li , Xiaobao Wang , Longbiao Wang , Jianwu Dang

Recent advances in synthetic speech have made audio deepfakes increasingly realistic, posing significant security risks. Existing detection methods that rely on a single modality, either raw waveform embeddings or spectral based features,…

Existing Self-Supervised Learning (SSL) models for speech typically process speech signals at a fixed resolution of 20 milliseconds. This approach overlooks the varying informational content present at different resolutions in speech…

Sound · Computer Science 2024-01-31 Jiatong Shi , Hirofumi Inaguma , Xutai Ma , Ilia Kulikov , Anna Sun

In recent years, self-supervised learning (SSL) has achieved tremendous success in various speech tasks due to its power to extract representations from massive unlabeled data. However, compared with tasks such as speech recognition (ASR),…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-11-14 Tianrui Wang , Xie Chen , Zhuo Chen , Shu Yu , Weibin Zhu

Self-supervised learning (SSL) has led to great strides in speech processing. However, the resources needed to train these models has become prohibitively large as they continue to scale. Currently, only a few groups with substantial…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-13 William Chen , Xuankai Chang , Yifan Peng , Zhaoheng Ni , Soumi Maiti , Shinji Watanabe

The SAFE Challenge evaluates synthetic speech detection across three tasks: unmodified audio, processed audio with compression artifacts, and laundered audio designed to evade detection. We systematically explore self-supervised learning…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-10-08 Hashim Ali , Surya Subramani , Lekha Bollinani , Nithin Sai Adupa , Sali El-Loh , Hafiz Malik

Recent advancements in Self-Supervised Learning (SSL) have shown promising results in Speaker Verification (SV). However, narrowing the performance gap with supervised systems remains an ongoing challenge. Several studies have observed that…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-06-25 Victor Miara , Theo Lepage , Reda Dehak

Self-supervised learning (SSL) is a long-standing goal for speech processing, since it utilizes large-scale unlabeled data and avoids extensive human labeling. Recent years witness great successes in applying self-supervised learning in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-10-13 Sanyuan Chen , Yu Wu , Chengyi Wang , Zhengyang Chen , Zhuo Chen , Shujie Liu , Jian Wu , Yao Qian , Furu Wei , Jinyu Li , Xiangzhan Yu

Self-supervised learning (SSL)-based speech models are extensively used for full-stack speech processing. However, it has been observed that improving SSL-based speech representations using unlabeled speech for content-related tasks is…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-14 Amit Meghanani , Thomas Hain

Self-supervised learning (SSL) models like Wav2Vec2, HuBERT, and WavLM have been widely used in speech processing. These transformer-based models consist of multiple layers, each capturing different levels of representation. While prior…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-08-13 Xinyu Liang , Fredrik Cumlin , Victor Ungureanu , Chandan K. A. Reddy , Christian Schuldt , Saikat Chatterjee

Audio self-supervised learning (SSL) pre-training, which aims to learn good representations from unlabeled audio, has made remarkable progress. However, the extensive computational demands during pre-training pose a significant barrier to…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-01-09 Wenxi Chen , Yuzhe Liang , Ziyang Ma , Zhisheng Zheng , Xie Chen

Speech deepfake detection has achieved remarkable success in clean environments but faces significant challenges in complex, real-world scenarios where speech is often mixed with background music or noise. Current state-of-the-art methods…

Sound · Computer Science 2026-05-25 Qingcao Li , Yipeng Lin , Weichen Lian , Zhongjie Ba , Peng Cheng , Zhichao Lian

Self-supervised learned (SSL) models such as Wav2vec and HuBERT yield state-of-the-art results on speech-related tasks. Given the effectiveness of such models, it is advantageous to use them in conventional ASR systems. While some…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-22 Darshan Prabhu , Sai Ganesh Mirishkar , Pankaj Wasnik
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