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Model merging aims to efficiently combine the weights of multiple expert models, each trained on a specific task, into a single multi-task model, with strong performance across all tasks. When applied to all but the last layer of weights,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-17 Ekansh Sharma , Daniel M. Roy , Gintare Karolina Dziugaite

While fine-tuning pretrained models has become common practice, these models often underperform outside their specific domains. Recently developed model merging techniques enable the direct integration of multiple models, each fine-tuned…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-10-04 Guodong Du , Junlin Lee , Jing Li , Runhua Jiang , Yifei Guo , Shuyang Yu , Hanting Liu , Sim Kuan Goh , Ho-Kin Tang , Daojing He , Min Zhang

As deep learning applications continue to become more diverse, an interesting question arises: Can general problem solving arise from jointly learning several such diverse tasks? To approach this question, deep multi-task learning is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-10-29 Elliot Meyerson , Risto Miikkulainen

Model merging unifies independently fine-tuned LLMs from the same base, enabling reuse and integration of parallel development efforts without retraining. However, in practice we observe that merging does not always succeed: certain…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-11 Yuan Cao , Dezhi Ran , Yuzhe Guo , Mengzhou Wu , Simin Chen , Linyi Li , Wei Yang , Tao Xie

Recent advances in deep learning have led to a surge of open-source models across diverse domains. While model merging offers a promising way to combine their strengths, existing approaches often suffer from parameter conflicts that degrade…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Yunfei Liang

Multi-task model merging aims to consolidate knowledge from multiple fine-tuned task-specific experts into a unified model while minimizing performance degradation. Existing methods primarily approach this by minimizing differences between…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Wenju Sun , Qingyong Li , Wen Wang , Yang Liu , Yangli-ao Geng , Boyang Li

Model merging has emerged as a practical paradigm for integrating multiple independently trained models into a single model without joint retraining. Previous studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of combining parameters through…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Zhikang Chen , Sen Cui , Deheng Ye , Min Zhang , Gang Niu , Yu Zhang , Masashi Sugiyama , Tingting Zhu

Model merging aims to integrate the strengths of multiple fine-tuned models into a unified model while preserving task-specific capabilities. Existing methods, represented by task arithmetic, are typically classified into global- and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-17 Kunda Yan , Min Zhang , Sen Cui , Zikun Qu , Bo Jiang , Feng Liu , Changshui Zhang

Model merging has gained increasing attention due to its intriguing property: interpolating the parameters of different task-specific fine-tuned models leads to multi-task abilities. However, despite its empirical success, the underlying…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-24 Zijun Chen , Zhanpeng Zhou , Bo Zhang , Weinan Zhang , Xi Sun , Junchi Yan

Fine-tuning pre-trained models on targeted datasets enhances task-specific performance but often comes at the expense of generalization. Model merging techniques, which integrate multiple fine-tuned models into a single multi-task model…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-11 Zitao Fang , Guodong DU , Shuyang Yu , Yifei Guo , Yiwei Zhang , Yiyao Cao , Jing Li , Ho-Kin Tang , Sim Kuan Goh

Model merging has shown that multitask models can be created by directly combining the parameters of different models that are each specialized on tasks of interest. However, models trained independently on distinct tasks often exhibit…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Pratik Ramesh , George Stoica , Arun Iyer , Leshem Choshen , Judy Hoffman

Text embeddings are vital for tasks such as text retrieval and semantic textual similarity (STS). Recently, the advent of pretrained language models, along with unified benchmarks like the Massive Text Embedding Benchmark (MTEB), has…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-22 Mingxin Li , Zhijie Nie , Yanzhao Zhang , Dingkun Long , Richong Zhang , Pengjun Xie

Model merging based on task vectors, i.e., the parameter differences between fine-tuned models and a shared base model, provides an efficient way to integrate multiple task-specific models into a multitask model without retraining. Recent…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-05 Zongzhen Yang , Binhang Qi , Hailong Sun , Wenrui Long , Ruobing Zhao , Xiang Gao

Model merging aims to integrate task-specific abilities from individually fine-tuned models into a single model without extra training. In recent model merging methods, task vector has become a fundamental building block, as it can…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-17 Bang An , Yibo Yang , Philip Torr , Bernard Ghanem

Merging parameters of multiple models has resurfaced as an effective strategy to enhance task performance and robustness, but prior work is limited by the high costs of ensemble creation and inference. In this paper, we leverage the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-09-25 Roberto Alcover-Couso , Juan C. SanMiguel , Marcos Escudero-Viñolo , Jose M Martínez

Model merging, which combines multiple models into a single model, has gained popularity in recent years. By efficiently integrating the capabilities of various models, this significantly reduces the parameter count and memory usage.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-11 Weiyu Chen , James Kwok

Model merging combines multiple expert models - finetuned from a base foundation model on diverse tasks and domains - into a single, more capable model. However, most existing model merging approaches assume that all experts are available…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-10 Sebastian Dziadzio , Vishaal Udandarao , Karsten Roth , Ameya Prabhu , Zeynep Akata , Samuel Albanie , Matthias Bethge

In this work, we explore the limitations of combining models by averaging intermediate features, referred to as model merging, and propose a new direction for achieving collective model intelligence through what we call compatible…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-05 Jyothish Pari , Samy Jelassi , Pulkit Agrawal

A dominant approach for addressing unsupervised domain adaptation is to map data points for the source and the target domains into an embedding space which is modeled as the output-space of a shared deep encoder. The encoder is trained to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-09-30 Mohammad Rostami

CLIP-based domain generalization aims to improve model generalization to unseen domains by leveraging the powerful zero-shot classification capabilities of CLIP and multiple source datasets. Existing methods typically train a single model…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-06-12 Yuhe Ding , Jian Liang , Bo Jiang , Zi Wang , Aihua Zheng , Bin Luo