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Significant focus has been placed on integrating large language models (LLMs) with various tools in developing general-purpose agents. This poses a challenge to LLMs' tool-use capabilities. However, there are evident gaps between existing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-25 Jize Wang , Zerun Ma , Yining Li , Songyang Zhang , Cailian Chen , Kai Chen , Xinyi Le

Recent studies on software tool manipulation with large language models (LLMs) mostly rely on closed model APIs. The industrial adoption of these models is substantially constrained due to the security and robustness risks in exposing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-29 Qiantong Xu , Fenglu Hong , Bo Li , Changran Hu , Zhengyu Chen , Jian Zhang

Tool calling extends large language models (LLMs) by enabling grounded interaction with external executable interfaces, thereby supporting environment-coupled problem solving. However, mainstream in-context learning (ICL) approaches…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Zekai Yu , Qi Meng , Qizhi Chu , Yu Hao , Chuan Shi , Cheng Yang

While Large Language Models (LLMs) excel at tool calling, deploying these capabilities in regulated enterprise environments such as fintech presents unique challenges due to on-premises constraints, regulatory compliance requirements, and…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-11-04 Richard Osuagwu , Thomas Cook , Maraim Masoud , Koustav Ghosal , Riccardo Mattivi

Large language models (LLMs) have excelled in various applications, yet serving them at scale is challenging due to their substantial resource demands and high latency. Our real-world studies reveal that over 70% of user requests to LLMs…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-05 Yifan Yu , Yu Gan , Nikhil Sarda , Lillian Tsai , Jiaming Shen , Yanqi Zhou , Arvind Krishnamurthy , Fan Lai , Henry M. Levy , David Culler

Large Language Models (LLMs) often do not perform well on queries that require the aggregation of information across texts. To better evaluate this setting and facilitate modeling efforts, we introduce TACT - Text And Calculations through…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-15 Avi Caciularu , Alon Jacovi , Eyal Ben-David , Sasha Goldshtein , Tal Schuster , Jonathan Herzig , Gal Elidan , Amir Globerson

By augmenting Large Language Models (LLMs) with external tools, their capacity to solve complex problems has been significantly enhanced. However, despite ongoing advancements in the parsing capabilities of LLMs, incorporating all available…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-24 Hang Gao , Yongfeng Zhang

Tool planning with large language models (LLMs), referring to selecting, organizing, and preparing the tools necessary to complete a user request, bridges the gap between natural language understanding and task execution. However, current…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-19 Wenjie Chen , Wenbin Li , Di Yao , Xuying Meng , Chang Gong , Jingping Bi

Agentic AI architectures augment LLMs with external tools, unlocking strong capabilities. However, tool use is not always beneficial; some calls may be redundant or even harmful. Effective tool use, therefore, hinges on a core LLM decision:…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-04 Qinyuan Wu , Soumi Das , Mahsa Amani , Arijit Nag , Seungeon Lee , Krishna P. Gummadi , Abhilasha Ravichander , Muhammad Bilal Zafar

The recent trend of using Large Language Models (LLMs) as tool agents in real-world applications underscores the necessity for comprehensive evaluations of their capabilities, particularly in complex scenarios involving planning, creating,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-04 Shijue Huang , Wanjun Zhong , Jianqiao Lu , Qi Zhu , Jiahui Gao , Weiwen Liu , Yutai Hou , Xingshan Zeng , Yasheng Wang , Lifeng Shang , Xin Jiang , Ruifeng Xu , Qun Liu

Large language model (LLM) agents rely on external tools to solve complex tasks, but real-world toolsets often contain redundant tools with overlapping names and descriptions, introducing ambiguity and reducing selection accuracy. LLMs also…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Marianne Menglin Liu , Daniel Garcia , Fjona Parllaku , Vikas Upadhyay , Syed Fahad Allam Shah , Dan Roth

Multiple recent studies have documented large language models' (LLMs) performance on calling external tools/functions. Others focused on LLMs' abilities to handle longer context lengths. At the intersection of these areas lies another…

Recent advancements in large language models (LLM) capable of processing extremely long texts highlight the need for a dedicated evaluation benchmark to assess their long-context capabilities. However, existing methods, like the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-28 Taewhoo Lee , Chanwoong Yoon , Kyochul Jang , Donghyeon Lee , Minju Song , Hyunjae Kim , Jaewoo Kang

Existing benchmarks that assess Language Models (LMs) as Language Agents (LAs) for tool use primarily focus on stateless, single-turn interactions or partial evaluations, such as tool selection in a single turn, overlooking the inherent…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Hongru Wang , Wenyu Huang , Yufei Wang , Yuanhao Xi , Jianqiao Lu , Huan Zhang , Nan Hu , Zeming Liu , Jeff Z. Pan , Kam-Fai Wong

Through the integration of external tools, large language models (LLMs) such as GPT-4o and Llama 3.1 significantly expand their functional capabilities, evolving from elementary conversational agents to general-purpose assistants. We argue…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-16 Zhenchao Jin , Mengchen Liu , Dongdong Chen , Lingting Zhu , Yunsheng Li , Lequan Yu

Existing function-calling benchmarks focus on single-turn interactions. However, they overlook the complexity of real-world scenarios. To quantify how existing benchmarks address practical applications, we introduce DICE-SCORE, a metric…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-03 Kyochul Jang , Donghyeon Lee , Kyusik Kim , Dongseok Heo , Taewhoo Lee , Woojeong Kim , Bongwon Suh

Tool calling has emerged as a critical capability for AI agents. In contrast to conventional tool calling frameworks that rely on static, provider-specific tool definitions, the Model Context Protocol (MCP) offers a unified interface to…

Since the introduction of the Model Context Protocol (MCP), the number of available tools for Large Language Models (LLMs) has increased significantly. These task-specific tool sets offer an alternative to general-purpose tools such as web…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-12 Reza Esfandiarpoor , Vishwas Suryanarayanan , Stephen H. Bach , Vishal Chowdhary , Anthony Aue

This paper deals with improving querying large language models (LLMs). It is well-known that without relevant contextual information, LLMs can provide poor quality responses or tend to hallucinate. Several initiatives have proposed…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-14 Nripesh Niketan , Hadj Batatia

There is a growing need for Large Language Models (LLMs) to effectively use tools and external Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) to plan and complete tasks. As such, there is tremendous interest in methods that can acquire…